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E-mail: environment@cso.ie Clare O'Hara (+353) 1 4984208 Gerry Brady (+353) 1 4984201

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CSO statistical release, 28 March 2019, 11am

Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers

2017

Environmental Transfers by Environmental Protection/Resource Management Domain
€m						% Change	% of Total
Domain	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2017/2016	2017
Total transfers^†	524	556	546	685	895	31%	100%
of which
Production of energy from renewable resources	56	45	97	183	282	54%	31%
Wastewater management	137	159	172	199	230	15%	26%
Protection of biodiversity and landscapes	218	212	133	143	210	47%	23%
Heat/Energy saving and management	57	90	90	88	82	-7%	9%
Other	57	50	53	71	91	28%	10%
^†Due to rounding, totals may not correspond precisely with the sum of the categories.

Environmental subsidies and similar transfers increased by 31% in 2017

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In 2017, €895 million was paid in environmental subsidies and similar transfers to Irish corporations, households and public bodies, as well as to international environmental organisations under Irish government commitments (see Table 1). This was an increase of 31% on environmental transfers paid in 2016 but was lower than the €1.2 billion provided in 2008.

Figure 1 shows the trend in the total amount of environmental transfers allocated to environmental protection and to resource management during the period 2000-2017. The amount directed towards environmental protection peaked in 2008, then increased again after a sharp decrease, while there was a generally increasing trend in transfers to support resource management activities.

Environmental protection transfers were worth €524 million in 2017, or 59% of the total. Resource management activities received 41% of environmental transfers, worth €371 million.

An environmental subsidy or similar transfer is a current or capital transfer which is intended to support activities that protect the environment or reduce the use and extraction of natural resources.

Environmental protection activities aim to prevent or reduce pollution and other negative impacts on the environment. Resource management activities aim to preserve natural resources against over-consumption.

The classifications used are based on the UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting and are explained in the Background Notes.

Analysis by Environmental Domain

In 2017, 31% of environmental transfers went to renewable energy production, 26% to wastewater management, 23% to biodiversity protection and 9% to heat and energy saving measures. Other activities, such as waste management and protection of air and climate, accounted for the remaining 10% (see Headline Table).

The largest subsidy to renewable energy generation in 2017 was worth €278 million and came from funds collected through the PSO (Public Service Obligation) Levy on electricity consumers (see Table 2.13A). Programmes that received substantial funding in the wastewater management and protection of biodiversity domains included Irish Water's capital investment in wastewater infrastructure (see Table 2.2), and agri-environment schemes such as the Green, Low-carbon Agri-environment Scheme (see Table 2.6).

	Protection of air and climate	Wastewater management	Waste management	Protection of soil and groundwater	Protection of biodiversity	Research and development	Noise abatement, protection against radiation and other environmental protection activities
2000	0.493	322.6377	9.9961	0.1799	205.6113	1.2867	1.988
2001	0.6734	402.365	11.8823	0.2139	164.9283	1.861	2.7522
2002	0.69	379.2484	14.4708	0.2412	172.9922	2.5049	2.9942
2003	0.7662	324.3254	18.6921	0.1612	185.3812	3.2726	2.224
2004	1.7252	266.6845	22.5113	0.4738	210.5761	3.6586	2.4641
2005	2.51	246.5488	26.4454	0.5681	286.5262	3.5075	2.5715
2006	6.1885	283.1498	28.6338	8.0543	334.3038	3.6534	3.9284
2007	13.8349	403.5382	33.0119	9.7543	317.6122	6.6113	3.2526
2008	23.3008	675.1116	34.3975	46.7245	325.4629	6.9577	3.7271
2009	4.8304	570.7272	35.7411	6.1681	356.0128	9.1414	3.428
2010	12.0073	597.7033	33.6843	5.8822	340.3897	7.851	3.454
2011	5.2493	268.5726	27.6274	11.7946	285.4424	7.5454	3.8777
2012	6.6553	161.0982	20.3109	10.982	264.5159	4.8846	3.9256
2013	4.3155	136.6009	19.8088	13.2728	217.5972	8.1181	4.1253
2014	6.1979	158.9422	15.0881	12.2122	212.3446	4.4608	3.761
2015	11.4069	172.0809	15.005	12.4824	133.085	4.4429	3.365
2016	24.5346	199.447	13.3073	15.9532	142.8673	7.1999	3.064
2017	43.473	230.0069	17.2663	14.2517	209.6358	6.1987	3.0554

Figure 2 shows the distribution by environmental protection domain of environmental subsidies and similar transfers. From 2000 to 2017, the majority of funding went to wastewater management and biodiversity protection activities. The peak in the graph from 2008-2010 is due to payments under the Farm Waste Management Scheme, a capital grant programme aimed at helping farmers meet the requirements of the EU Nitrates Directive by investing in animal housing and storage facilities for silage and agricultural waste. Further details of environmental protection transfers under particular programmes are provided in Tables 2.1-2.9.

Year	Management of forest resources	Management of wild flora and fauna	Production of energy from renewable resources	Heat/Energy saving and management	Resource management research and development	Management of water, minerals; minimisation of the intake of fossil resources; other resource management activities
2000	0.004	0.129	0	0	1.2867	0.14
2001	0	0.176	0	0.0831	1.861	0.14
2002	0.1205	0.368	0.015	2.6489	2.5049	0.2137
2003	0.09	1.004	7.9296	4.5119	3.2726	0.2237
2004	0.294	0.4951	18.2365	2.953	3.6586	0.2193
2005	0.15	5.2094	14.7138	4.6152	3.5075	0.1987
2006	0.7969	13.0845	2.1546	9.831	3.4839	0.6298
2007	2.2652	12.6868	2.8756	38.6837	5.8846	0.6842
2008	1.2457	35.6046	7.146	39.2036	6.0855	1.304
2009	0.8092	23.0347	7.3568	46.1774	7.8566	1.0653
2010	0.6463	1.7917	67.9213	104.151	7.0612	1.1397
2011	0.4145	1.3395	47.0151	113.5154	6.844	1.4031
2012	0.6105	1.2613	38.2143	68.0912	4.8846	1.6483
2013	0.4226	1.2073	55.5112	56.9262	4.397	1.6551
2014	0.2571	1.8018	44.5159	90.1588	4.1665	1.6814
2015	0.1055	1.2738	97.4549	89.9658	3.276	1.7097
2016	0.0972	1.6017	183.375	88.006	4.2536	1.269
2017	0.1445	1.5383	281.7353	82.1292	4.3313	1.1236

Figure 3 shows the distribution by resource management domain of environmental subsidies and similar transfers. Subsidies to production of energy generation from renewable sources showed a large increase each year from 2015 to 2017 due to increases in the PSO Levy subsidy to electricity generation from renewable sources. Energy efficiency programmes run by Local Authorities and the SEAI make up the other main component of resource management transfers. Full details of transfers under these and other resource management programmes can be found in Tables 2.10-2.16.

Analysis by NACE Sector

	Agriculture, forestry and fishing	Manufacturing, energy and construction	Commercial and other services	Public services	Households
2000	221.1983	6.628	4.3841	311.5421	0
2001	179.0188	6.1543	6.1915	395.4321	0.1395
2002	188.9607	7.3988	7.6051	374.9061	0.1422
2003	217.4073	19.4964	9.0905	305.5836	0.2769
2004	237.3267	30.9037	10.3558	254.0789	1.2852
2005	318.3085	26.7532	10.339	239.6097	2.0617
2006	377.2165	17.7898	10.8546	281.8213	10.2102
2007	454.1863	31.0686	16.7024	308.2152	40.4969
2008	783.6162	24.0265	20.6349	331.1636	46.665
2009	681.2236	18.5975	26.3045	310.6115	33.9467
2010	648.0341	76.5815	21.199	330.4639	103.6844
2011	325.1633	59.9523	24.5734	266.9871	102.5793
2012	267.1686	50.0134	18.1575	188.8345	61.9088
2013	220.1708	63.6408	18.6234	166.9065	53.9164
2014	215.6018	45.7756	16.9469	189.9656	86.3983
2015	139.4562	97.0244	18.6007	200.7822	88.6906
2016	153.2637	183.146	25.3559	230.8387	91.4715
2017	230.9602	281.5044	27.5516	271.7571	80.0167

Figure 4 shows how environmental subsidies and similar transfers were distributed to different sectors of the economy from 2000 to 2017. The agriculture, forestry and fishing sector and the public services sector were the main beneficiaries as a result of agri-environment schemes aimed at encouraging biodiversity-friendly farming, and funding of public bodies responsible for investment in wastewater management infrastructure. In more recent years, the energy industry began to receive comparable levels of subsidisation towards renewable energy generation, while transfers to the household sector were largely due to energy efficiency programmes. A detailed breakdown of environmental transfers by benefitting institutional sector and economic activity is provided in Tables 4 and 5.

Capital and Current Transfers

	Capital Transfers	Current Transfers
2000	320.5505	223.202
2001	400.5136	186.4225
2002	380.9401	198.0726
2003	332.176	219.6786
2004	274.0507	259.8995
2005	259.7938	337.2782
2006	322.0935	375.7989
2007	472.1208	378.5748
2008	824.8296	381.4417
2009	666.7956	405.5533
2010	708.4736	475.2092
2011	383.5449	397.0962
2012	241.2118	345.8711
2013	196.6083	327.3497
2014	213.3159	342.2724
2015	239.7638	305.89
2016	275.9792	408.9966
2017	329.491	565.399

Since 2011, current transfers were greater than capital transfers (see Figure 5). In other words, more funding was used to support day-to-day, operating expenditure than was used for investment. In 2017, 37% of environmental transfers were capital transfers and 63% were subsidies or other current transfers. Further details are available in Tables 3 and 6.

Sources of Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers

Figure 6 shows the source of the payments. Most environmental transfers (85% in 2017) were paid by the exchequer with 15% coming from the EU in 2017 (see Table 7).

The amounts paid out under programmes run by each government department or body are presented in Table 8. The Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government; the EU; the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine; and the Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment were, between them, responsible for 66% of environmental subsidies and similar transfers paid in Ireland in 2017.

	National Exchequer	EU
2000	76	24
2001	84	16
2002	82	18
2003	79	21
2004	76	24
2005	71	29
2006	70	30
2007	71	29
2008	63	37
2009	81	19
2010	85	15
2011	80	20
2012	74	26
2013	76	24
2014	72	28
2015	82	18
2016	86	14
2017	85	15

Show Table 1 Environmental Transfers by Environmental Protection and Resource Management Domain, 2000-2017

Table 1 Environmental Transfers by Environmental Protection and Resource Management Domain, 2000-2017
€000
Environmental Protection/Resource Management Domain	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
01 Protection of ambient air and climate	493	673	690	766	1,725	2,510	6,189	13,835	23,301	4,830	12,007	5,249	6,655	4,316	6,198	11,407	24,535	43,473
02 Wastewater management	322,638	402,365	379,248	324,325	266,685	246,549	283,150	403,538	675,112	570,727	597,703	268,573	161,098	136,601	158,942	172,081	199,447	230,007
03 Waste management	9,996	11,882	14,471	18,692	22,511	26,445	28,634	33,012	34,398	35,741	33,684	27,627	20,311	19,809	15,088	15,005	13,307	17,266
04 Protection and remediation of soil, groundwater and surface water	180	214	241	161	474	568	8,054	9,754	46,725	6,168	5,882	11,795	10,982	13,273	12,212	12,482	15,953	14,252
05 Noise and vibration abatement	144	171	193	129	183	259	281	341	351	368	201	468	667	838	386	423	183	165
06 Protection of biodiversity and landscapes	205,611	164,928	172,992	185,381	210,576	286,526	334,304	317,612	325,463	356,013	340,390	285,442	264,516	217,597	212,345	133,085	142,867	209,636
07 Protection against radiation	287	291	299	208	410	438	1,220	400	447	380	304	242	200	200	400	–	–	–
08 Environmental protection research and development	1,287	1,861	2,505	3,273	3,659	3,508	3,653	6,611	6,958	9,141	7,851	7,545	4,885	8,118	4,461	4,443	7,200	6,199
09 Other environmental protection activities	1,557	2,290	2,502	1,887	1,871	1,875	2,427	2,512	2,929	2,680	2,949	3,168	3,059	3,087	2,975	2,942	2,881	2,891
10 Management of water	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0	8	0	19	24	34	0
11 Management of forest resources	4	0	121	90	294	150	797	2,265	1,246	809	646	415	611	423	257	106	97	145
12 Management of wild flora and fauna	129	176	368	1,004	495	5,209	13,085	12,687	35,605	23,035	1,792	1,340	1,261	1,207	1,802	1,274	1,602	1,538
13A Production of energy from renewable resources	–	0	15	7,930	18,237	14,714	2,155	2,876	7,146	7,357	67,921	47,015	38,214	55,511	44,516	97,455	183,375	281,735
13B Heat/Energy saving and management	–	83	2,649	4,512	2,953	4,615	9,831	38,684	39,204	46,177	104,151	113,515	68,091	56,926	90,159	89,966	88,006	82,129
13C Minimisation of the intake of fossil resources as raw materials	–	–	–	–	–	–	147	147	147	147	–	–	389	389	389	389	–	–
14 Management of minerals	–	–	74	74	74	74	74	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
15 Resource management research and development	1,287	1,861	2,505	3,273	3,659	3,508	3,484	5,885	6,086	7,857	7,061	6,844	4,885	4,397	4,167	3,276	4,254	4,331
16 Other resource management activities	140	140	140	150	146	125	409	537	1,157	918	1,140	1,403	1,252	1,266	1,274	1,297	1,235	1,124

Total	543,752	586,936	579,013	551,855	533,950	597,072	697,892	850,696	1,206,271	1,072,349	1,183,683	780,641	587,083	523,958	555,588	545,654	684,976	894,890
– No transfers identified

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Show Table 2.1 Environmental Transfers for Protection of Ambient Air and Climate, 2000-2017

Table 2.1 Environmental Transfers for the Protection of Ambient Air and Climate, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Air Pollution Control (Local Authorities)	144	171	193	129	183	259	281	341	351	368	201	468	667	838	386	423	183	165
Aran Islands Electric Vehicle Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	75	85	77	9	0	–	–
Electric Vehicle Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	198	771	252	1,207	2,644	3,039	4,272
GLAS (Green, Low-carbon Agri-environment Scheme)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0	1,145	10,262	19,558
Geneva Convention	15	20	21	22	24	25	28	25	34	36	35	37	40	57	16	41	42	38
Green Schools Travel Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	580	776	799	603	714	586	632	606	660	659
Low Emission Slurry Scheme (LESS)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	503	2,371
Stockholm Convention	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0	3	15	21	23	20	26	25	–
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change	27	65	78	95	64	128	136	150	135	119	135	132	142	142	112	137	140	128
Vehicle Registration Tax Relief on Electric Vehicles	–	56	37	34	979	1,649	5,233	12,839	21,785	3,042	10,345	3,230	3,586	1,712	3,190	5,750	9,062	15,623
Vienna Convention	307	361	361	486	475	450	511	480	417	490	489	492	629	629	626	635	619	660

Total	493	673	690	766	1,725	2,510	6,189	13,835	23,301	4,830	12,007	5,249	6,655	4,316	6,198	11,407	24,535	43,473
– Programme not in operation or no payments made

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Show Table 2.2 Environmental Transfers for Wastewater Management, 2000-2017

Table 2.2 Environmental Transfers for Wastewater Management, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Animal Carcase Disposal Scheme	–	–	–	106	29	82	28	53	57	32	25	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Capital Investment Plan (Wastewater)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	150,000	168,000	199,000	229,000
Farm Waste Management Scheme	–	153	9,388	20,612	16,684	19,150	21,358	113,937	413,738	292,763	298,149	32,639	391	521	310	0	–	41
On-farm Investment: Pollution Control	15,468	13,917	5,307	1,305	358	132	143	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Rural Wastewater Programme (Capital)	6,628	5,904	6,770	10,857	12,388	10,351	13,032	21,395	11,141	9,804	8,682	10,262	5,304	6,307	777	1,146	212	199
Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Local Authorities)	5,365	6,377	7,192	6,247	7,596	8,315	9,222	13,604	10,345	13,027	7,103	5,529	5,040	5,377	7,855	2,935	235	767
Water Services Investment Programme (Wastewater)	295,177	376,014	350,592	285,199	229,630	208,520	239,368	254,550	239,831	255,102	283,744	220,143	150,363	124,396	–	–	–	–

Total	322,638	402,365	379,248	324,325	266,685	246,549	283,150	403,538	675,112	570,727	597,703	268,573	161,098	136,601	158,942	172,081	199,447	230,007
– Programme not in operation or no payments made

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Show Table 2.3 Environmental Transfers for Waste Management, 2000-2017

Table 2.3 Environmental Transfers for Waste Management, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Animal Carcase Disposal Scheme	–	–	–	106	29	82	28	53	57	32	25	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Basel Convention	8	10	13	11	11	37	–	13	37	18	39	22	23	19	21	24	23	–
EU LIFE: HEATSUN	–	–	74	74	74	74	74	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Fallen Animals Scheme	–	0	994	9,552	9,697	8,117	8,833	8,921	9,518	10,694	6,797	3,358	2,267	2,311	2,820	2,005	2,056	2,682
Green Health Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	100	100	165	120	98	65	131	160	140
Green Hospitality Awards	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	150	150	150	150	374	296	246	143	53	0	0
Litter Management (Local Authorities)	891	1,059	1,195	799	1,133	1,600	1,740	2,111	2,171	2,020	1,987	2,225	2,492	1,763	1,869	1,438	1,278	2,400
Local Authority Waste Prevention Network	–	–	–	–	–	200	200	200	285	982	308	476	371	396	218	221	273	191
Packaging Prevention Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10	10	10	10	8	12	15	0	0	0	0
Recycling Facilities (Local Authorities)	5,549	6,595	7,438	4,972	7,056	9,963	10,832	13,146	13,521	13,280	13,786	11,851	6,489	6,256	2,612	2,333	1,221	1,719
Stop Food Waste Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	100	100	193	312	213	83	–	174	170
Street Cleaning (Local Authorities)	36	42	48	32	45	64	70	84	87	41	67	140	53	0	55	0	0	15
Waste Collection Services (Local Authorities)	520	618	696	466	661	933	1,014	1,231	1,266	1,435	1,398	820	615	452	389	372	486	677
Waste Planning and Regulation (Local Authorities)	2,994	3,558	4,013	2,683	3,807	5,375	5,844	7,093	7,295	6,880	8,518	7,996	7,262	8,040	6,813	8,030	7,636	9,274
Waste Processing Facilities Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	0	0	0	0	400	0	–	–	–	400	–	–

Total	9,996	11,882	14,471	18,692	22,511	26,445	28,634	33,012	34,398	35,741	33,684	27,627	20,311	19,809	15,088	15,005	13,307	17,266
– Programme not in operation or no payments made

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Show Table 2.4 Environmental Transfers for Protection and Remediation of Soil, Groundwater and Surface Water, 2000-2017

Table 2.4 Environmental Transfers for the Protection and Remediation of Soil, Groundwater and Surface Water, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Contaminated Soil Forum	–	–	–	–	–	–	7	–	–	7	0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
EU LIFE: Duck Slurry	–	–	–	–	245	245	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Landfill Remediation	–	–	–	–	–	–	7,696	9,328	46,286	5,346	3,526	1,001	3,300	8,598	7,673	4,506	7,816	5,721
Landfill Remediation (Environment Fund)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	6,002	4,110	–	–	–	–	–
Operation and Aftercare of Landfill (Local Authorities)	180	214	241	161	229	323	351	426	439	362	397	499	254	121	112	7	98	306
Organic Farming Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	453	1,959	4,293	3,318	4,554	4,427	7,969	8,039	8,225

Total	180	214	241	161	474	568	8,054	9,754	46,725	6,168	5,882	11,795	10,982	13,273	12,212	12,482	15,953	14,252
– Programme not in operation or no payments made

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Show Table 2.5 Environmental Transfers for Noise and Vibration Abatement, 2000-2017

Table 2.5 Environmental Transfers for Noise and Vibration Abatement, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Noise Pollution Control (Local Authorities)	144	171	193	129	183	259	281	341	351	368	201	468	667	838	386	423	183	165

Total	144	171	193	129	183	259	281	341	351	368	201	468	667	838	386	423	183	165

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Show Table 2.6 Environmental Transfers for the Protection of Biodiversity and Landscapes, 2000-2017

Table 2.6 Environmental Transfers for the Protection of Biodiversity and Landscapes, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
AEOS (Agri-Environment Options Scheme)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0	12,190	53,785	58,148	60,767	79,801	32,624	16,197
Burren Farming for Conservation Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	639	958	1,147	1,059	1,044	1,031	1,181	905
Cartagena Biosafety Protocol	–	–	–	–	–	28	10	7	10	11	0	24	0	14	13	15	15	11
Cessation of Turf-Cutting Compensation Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	45	3,497	3,982	4,173	4,022	4,390	4,251
Chalara (Reconstitution of Woodlands) Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0	0	277	510	275	179	324
Chough, Goose and Wader Farm Plan Schemes	–	–	–	–	–	–	42	76	32	48	318	362	353	236	320	369	372	340
Corncrake Farm Plan Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	928	528	189	203	314	142	60	40	43	60
Corncrake Grant Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	205	188	208	226	175	716	181	106
Data Collection Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5,145	4,852
EU LIFE: AranLIFE	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	487	487	487	487
EU LIFE: Blackwater SAMOK	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	187	187	187	187	187	–	–
EU LIFE: Blanket Bog Project	–	–	90	803	807	359	362	696	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
EU LIFE: BurrenLIFE	–	–	–	–	–	335	335	335	335	335	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
EU LIFE: CAISIE	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	185	185	185	185	–	–	–	–	–
EU LIFE: GeoparkLIFE	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	222	222	222	222	222
EU LIFE: Golden Eagle	–	21	21	21	21	21	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
EU LIFE: KerryLIFE	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	228	456	456	456
EU LIFE: MulkearLIFE	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	174	174	174	174	174	–	–	–	–
EU LIFE: Raised Bog Project	–	–	–	–	22	304	458	292	386	–	–	258	258	258	258	258	811	811
EU LIFE: RaptorLIFE	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	342	342	342
EU LIFE: Restoring Priority Woodland	–	–	–	–	–	–	127	344	414	589	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
EU LIFE: Roseate Tern	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	208	208
EU LIFE: Termoncarragh	–	117	117	117	117	117	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
EU LIFE: Waterbirds	–	–	–	320	320	320	320	320	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Forest Environment Protection Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1,741	7,079	11,250	11,538	4,652	2,390	1,387	431	6	–	–
GLAS (Green, Low-carbon Agri-environment Scheme)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0	10,308	92,354	176,025
Hen Harrier Farm Plan Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	559	1,037	2,518	2,793	2,565	2,308	2,185	828	109	23
Heritage Council Biodiversity Grants	–	–	–	–	–	97	401	402	580	269	212	120	84	162	213	228	419	312
Marine Biodiversity Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1,000	750	643	496	333	330	559	427	1,780
National Biodiversity Data Centre	–	–	–	–	–	3	102	611	830	709	570	590	655	749	683	705	790	818
Native Woodland Conservation Scheme	4	0	121	90	294	150	650	1,882	862	426	410	415	611	423	257	106	97	145
Native Woodland Establishment Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	35	431	1,418	722	158	72	232	504	0	–	–
Natterjack Toad Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	25	40	50	50	50	50	50	50	50	38
Neighbourwood	–	–	72	83	59	120	80	30	231	268	72	141	174	59	2	0	67	52
OSPAR Convention	14	18	18	17	19	19	20	46	42	38	39	60	47	49	0	0	–	–
Owenduff, Twelve Bens and Other Farm Plan Schemes	–	–	–	–	–	–	333	83	525	830	1,219	1,498	1,275	1,064	307	67	56	30
REPS (Rural Environment Protection Scheme)	205,593	164,773	172,555	183,931	208,918	284,654	331,065	310,713	312,194	336,861	320,580	259,551	195,990	145,856	138,940	32,009	1,844	92
Traditional Buildings Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	752

Total	205,611	164,928	172,992	185,381	210,576	286,526	334,304	317,612	325,463	356,013	340,390	285,442	264,516	217,597	212,345	133,085	142,867	209,636
– Programme not in operation or no payments made

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Open in Excel: Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers 2017 Table 2.6 (XLS 16KB)

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Show Table 2.7 Environmental Transfers for Protection against Radiation, 2000-2017

Table 2.7 Environmental Transfers for Protection against Radiation, 2000-2017
€000
	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland	287	291	299	208	410	438	1,220	400	447	380	304	242	200	200	400	–	–	–

Total	287	291	299	208	410	438	1,220	400	447	380	304	242	200	200	400	–	–	–
– Programme not in operation

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Open in Excel: Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers 2017 Table 2.7 (XLS 12KB)

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Show Table 2.8 Environmental Transfers for Environmental Protection Research and Development, 2000-2017

Table 2.8 Environmental Transfers for Environmental Protection Research and Development, 2000-2017
€000
	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
COFORD Research Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	169.5	726.8	872.3	1284.8	789.8	192	0	1353.4	124.5	426.4	928.1	608.4
Cleaner Greener Production Programme/Green Enterprise	–	250	250	250	250	250	250	250	250	450	250	211	231	11	357	194	279	171
ERTDI Research Programme	1,287	1,611	2,255	3,023	3,409	3,258	3,234	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Food Institutional Research Measure (FIRM)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0	0	478	0	120	179	179
Research Stimulus Fund	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	509	0	1890	170	621	1839	1080
STRIVE Research Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5,635	5,836	7,407	6,811	6,633	4,654	4,387	3,809	3,082	3,975	4,160

Total	1,287	1,861	2,505	3,273	3,659	3,508	3,653	6,611	6,958	9,141	7,851	7,545	4,885	8,118	4,461	4,443	7,200	6,199
– Programme not in operation or no payments made

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Open in Excel: Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers 2017 Table 2.8 (XLS 11KB)

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Show Table 2.9 Environmental Transfers for Other Environmental Protection Activities, 2000-2017

Table 2.9 Environmental Transfers for Other Environmental Protection Activities, 2000-2017
€000
	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Aarhus Convention	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5	5	14	13	18	21	14	5	8	8	8
Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10	10	10	10	0	–	–	–	–	–
EU LIFE: DfAuto	–	–	–	–	–	–	232	232	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
EU LIFE: Epicentre	–	576	576	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Environment Fund NGO Grants	–	–	–	–	–	–	166	166	574	390	461	473	392	422	437	413	413	430
Environment Fund Project Grants	–	–	–	–	–	–	20	76	119	173	227	231	173	111	22	13	5	5
European Environmental Bureau	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	20	0	–	–	–	20	20	10	10	10
Global Environment Facility	1,100	1,257	1,469	1,420	1,409	1,433	1,469	1,420	1,420	1,421	1,469	1,420	1,420	1,421	1,469	1,420	1,420	1,421
Green Communities Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	39	38	38	35	9	0	0
Green Home Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	50	50	50	50	63	63	38	34	9	0	0
Green Schools Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	100	100	100	0	100	100	90	100	90	90	95	100
GreenBusiness.ie/SMILE									150	150	150	306	328	359	307	274	228	218
Local Agenda 21 Environmental Partnership Fund	140	140	140	150	146	125	123	146	164	156	152	192	169	200	198	190	194	221
OECD Environmental Compliance Indicators	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5	5	–	–	–	–
UN Environment Fund	317	317	317	317	317	317	317	317	317	317	317	317	361	361	358	507	508	478

Total	1,557	2,290	2,502	1,887	1,871	1,875	2,428	2,512	2,929	2,680	2,949	3,168	3,059	3,087	2,975	2,942	2,881	2,891
– Programme not in operation or no payments made

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Open in Excel: Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers 2017 Table 2.9 (XLS 13KB)

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Show Table 2.10 Environmental Transfers for Management of Water, 2000-2017

Table 2.10 Environmental Transfers for the Management of Water, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Rainwater Harvesting Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0	8	0	19	24	34	0

Total	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0	8	0	19	24	34	0
– Programme not in operation

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Open in Excel: Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers 2017 Table 2.10 (XLS 10KB)

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Show Table 2.11 Environmental Transfers for Management of Forest Resources, 2000-2017

Table 2.11 Environmental Transfers for the Management of Forest Resources, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
EU LIFE: CleanWood	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	237	237	237	237	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
EU LIFE: Tyre/Wood Block	–	–	–	–	–	–	147	147	147	147	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Native Woodland Conservation Scheme	4	0	121	90	294	150	650	1,882	862	426	410	415	611	423	257	106	97	145

Total	4	0	121	90	294	150	797	2,265	1,246	809	646	415	611	423	257	106	97	145
– Programme not in operation

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Open in Excel: Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers 2017 Table 2.11 (XLS 12KB)

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Show Table 2.12 Environmental Transfers for Management of Wild Flora and Fauna, 2000-2017

Table 2.12 Environmental Transfers for the Management of Wild Flora and Fauna, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Conservation and Management of Fisheries	129	176	316	952	180	706	933	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Environmentally Friendly Fishing Gear	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	217	475	374	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Heritage Council Wildlife Grants	–	–	–	–	257	282	243	254	288	253	16	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lobster V-Notching Scheme	–	–	52	52	58	118	45	55	60	61	85	63	71	86	253	320	336	342
Marine Environment Protection Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	325	279	178	141	315	296	–	–
Salmon Conservation Fund	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	641	195	595	267	557	252
Salmon Hardship Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	11,858	12,710	4,612	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sea Fisheries Protection Authority (fisheries conservation)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	303	1,073	753	1,010	542	221	735	630	375	194	500
Seafood Environmental Management Part A	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	167	178	34	51	9	16	–	–
Seafood Environmental Management Part B	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	182	278	117	–	–	–	–	–
Sustainable Fisheries Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	515	444
Whitefish Fleet Decommissioning Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	4,104	11,863	0	21,000	16,983	7	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

Total	129	176	368	1,004	495	5,209	13,085	12,687	35,605	23,035	1,792	1,340	1,261	1,207	1,802	1,274	1,602	1,538
– Programme not in operation or no payments made

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Open in Excel: Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers 2017 Table 2.12 (XLS 13KB)

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Show Table 2.13A Environmental Transfers for the Production of Energy from Renewable Sources, 2000-2017

Table 2.13A Environmental Transfers for the Production of Energy from Renewable Resources, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Bioenergy Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	1,040	1,127	1,275	974	304	245	172	101	103	5	98
Biomass Harvesting Equipment Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	0	77	99	0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Microgeneration Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	410	280	30	–	–	–	–	–	–
Ocean Energy Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	887	2,513	245	2,088	1,206	416	628	2,107	1,762	1,461
Operation & Maintenance of Waste to Energy Facilities	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0	0	0	0	0	0	565
PSO Levy: Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources	–	–	6,568	16,086	12,356	210	0	0	0	64,075	43,226	36,447	54,584	43,088	94,300	180,900	277,600
ReHeat Deployment Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	50	927	3,984	1,811	1,748	331	–	–	–	–	–	–
Renewable Energy Educational Support	–	–	–	–	184	208	0	176	0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Renewable Energy Information Office	–	–	858	692	714	670	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Renewable Energy RD&D	0	15	504	1,459	1,460	1,017	909	894	1,249	599	1,035	316	339	699	945	708	2,011

Total	0	15	7,930	18,237	14,714	2,155	2,876	7,146	7,357	67,921	47,015	38,214	55,511	44,516	97,455	183,375	281,735
– Programme not in operation or no payments made

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Open in Excel: Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers 2017 Table 2.13A (XLS 13KB)

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Show Table 2.13B Environmental Transfers for Heat/Energy Saving and Management, 2000-2017

Table 2.13B Environmental Transfers for Heat/Energy Saving and Management, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Accelerated Allowances for Energy Efficient Equipment	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1,600	600	1,300	1,000	700	900	1,100	900	3,100*
Better Energy Communities	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1,783	7,782	14,583	16,074	14,650	21,604
Better Energy Homes	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	16,260	45,362	57,673	28,922	13,132	9,896	14,325	17,030	16,330
Better Energy Workplaces	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10,936	11,308	1,826	–	–	–	–
CHP Deployment Scheme	–	–	–	25	59	29	367	1,842	1,997	1,535	376	–	–	–	–	–	–
Deep Retrofit Pilot Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	752
EU LIFE: WISER	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	150	300	300	150
EXEED Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	382	1,556
Energy Efficiency Retrofit Fund	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	7,561	746	–	–	–	–	–	–
Energy in Education Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	100	105	57	34	0
Greener Homes Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	4,291	26,727	21,848	11,100	6,216	4,561	0	–	–	–	–	–
Home Energy Saving Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	0	728	83	0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
House of Tomorrow	–	498	419	811	2,629	3,646	7,820	8,573	1,558	211	0	–	–	–	–	–	–
Industry RD&D	–	–	239	–	27	16	428	72	79	15	0	–	–	–	–	–	–
Industry and Business Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	2,010	3,046	5,229	867	1,398	987	1,290	1,059	784	1,063	1,485
Local Authority Estate Energy Retrofit	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	36,301	32,727	19,849	26,952	57,034	56,431	52,545	28,787
Public Sector Energy Efficiency Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0	4,676	211	0	0	0	316	383	448	5,429
Public Sector Energy Programme	–	2,064	3,618	1,808	1,508	1,173	508	859	481	151	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Schools/Education Programme	–	–	14	18	10	10	1	90	38	60	96	118	231	240	369	322	318
Warmer Homes Scheme	83	87	222	291	383	667	823	2,147	3,078	5,062	3,704	4,124	4,913	5,876	142	17	4
Warmth and Well-being Scheme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	314	2,614

Total	83	2,649	4,512	2,953	4,615	9,831	38,684	39,204	46,177	104,151	113,515	68,091	56,926	90,159	89,966	88,006	82,129
– Programme not in operation or no payments made
* The 2017 figure is provisional

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Show Table 2.13C Environmental Transfers for the Minimisation of the Intake of Fossil Resources as Raw Materials, 2000-2017

Table 2.13C Environmental Transfers for the Minimisation of the Intake of Fossil Resources as Raw Materials, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
EU LIFE: DEPOTEC	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	389	389	389	389	–	–
EU LIFE: Tyre/Wood Block	–	–	–	–	–	–	147	147	147	147	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

Total	–	–	–	–	–	–	147	147	147	147	–	–	389	389	389	389	–	–
– Programme not in operation

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Open in Excel: Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers 2017 Table 2.13C (XLS 12KB)

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Show Table 2.14 Environmental Transfers for Management of Minerals, 2000-2017

Table 2.14 Environmental Transfers for the Management of Minerals, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
EU LIFE: HEATSUN	–	–	74	74	74	74	74	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

Total	–	–	74	74	74	74	74	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
– Programme not in operation

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Open in Excel: Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers 2017 Table 2.14 (XLS 12KB)

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Show Table 2.15 Environmental Transfers for Resource Management Research and Development, 2000-2017

Table 2.15 Environmental Transfers for Resource Management Research and Development, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Cleaner Greener Production Programme/Green Enterprise	–	250	250	250	250	250	250	250	250	450	250	211	231	11	357	194	279	171
ERTDI Research Programme	1,287	1,611	2,255	3,023	3,409	3,258	3,234	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
STRIVE Research Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5,635	5,836	7,407	6,811	6,633	4,654	4,387	3,809	3,082	3,975	4,160

Total	1,287	1,861	2,505	3,273	3,659	3,508	3,484	5,885	6,086	7,857	7,061	6,844	4,885	4,397	4,167	3,276	4,254	4,331
– Programme not in operation

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Open in Excel: Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers 2017 Table 2.15 (XLS 12KB)

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Show Table 2.16 Environmental Transfers for Other Resource Management Activities, 2000-2017

Table 2.16 Environmental Transfers for Other Resource Management Activities, 2000-2017
€000
Programme	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
EU LIFE: WISER	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	150	300	300	150
Environment Fund NGO Grants	–	–	–	–	–	–	166	166	574	390	461	473	392	422	437	413	413	430
Environment Fund Project Grants	–	–	–	–	–	–	20	76	119	173	227	231	173	111	22	13	5	5
Green Communities Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	39	38	38	35	9	0	0
Green Home Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	50	50	50	50	63	63	38	34	9	0	0
Green Schools Programme	–	–	–	–	–	–	100	100	100	0	100	100	90	100	90	90	95	100
GreenBusiness.ie/SMILE	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	150	150	150	306	328	359	307	274	228	218
Local Agenda 21 Environmental Partnership Fund	140	140	140	150	146	125	123	146	164	156	152	192	169	200	198	190	194	221

Total	140	140	140	150	146	125	409	537	1,157	918	1,140	1,403	1,252	1,266	1,274	1,297	1,235	1,124
– Programme not in operation or no payments made

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Show Table 3 Environmental Transfers by Type of Transfer (Capital and Current), 2000-2017

Table 3 Environmental Transfers by Type of Transfer (Capital and Current), 2000-2017
€000
Type of Transfer	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Capital	320,551	400,514	380,940	332,176	274,051	259,794	322,094	472,121	824,830	666,796	708,474	383,545	241,212	196,608	213,316	239,764	275,979	329,491
Current	223,202	186,423	198,073	219,679	259,900	337,278	375,799	378,575	381,442	405,553	475,209	397,096	345,871	327,350	342,272	305,890	408,997	565,399

Total	543,752	586,936	579,013	551,855	533,950	597,072	697,892	850,696	1,206,271	1,072,349	1,183,683	780,641	587,083	523,958	555,588	545,654	684,976	894,890

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Show Table 4 Environmental Transfers by Institutional Sector of Beneficiary, 2000-2017

Table 4 Environmental Transfers by Institutional Sector of Beneficiary, 2000-2017
€000
Institutional Sector	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
S.11 Non-financial corporations	223,514	182,995	194,770	232,446	263,588	341,945	389,060	476,765	813,157	713,914	735,960	396,475	325,973	290,419	270,865	246,339	348,897	528,464
S.12 Financial corporations	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2	22	71	54	10	172	12	25	0	–	–
S.13 General government	311,542	395,432	374,619	305,129	253,479	239,352	281,813	308,141	330,554	309,882	330,359	266,312	188,252	165,911	187,802	198,586	233,880	273,703
S.14 Households	–	140	142	277	1,285	2,062	10,210	40,497	46,695	33,947	103,684	102,579	61,909	53,916	86,398	88,691	91,472	80,017
S.15 Non-profit institutions serving households	6,908	6,322	7,205	11,635	13,280	11,277	14,311	22,828	13,397	12,056	11,077	12,719	8,067	10,946	7,839	9,216	7,917	9,953
S.2 Rest of the world	1,788	2,048	2,277	2,368	2,318	2,436	2,498	2,463	2,447	2,479	2,549	2,546	2,709	2,754	2,659	2,823	2,810	2,754

Total	543,752	586,936	579,013	551,855	533,950	597,072	697,892	850,696	1,206,271	1,072,349	1,183,683	780,641	587,083	523,958	555,588	545,654	684,976	894,890
– No transfers identified

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Show Table 5 Environmental Transfers by NACE Section of Beneficiary, 2000-2017

Table 5 Environmental Transfers by NACE Section of Beneficiary, 2000-2017
€000
NACE Rev. 2 Section	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing	221,198	179,019	188,961	217,407	237,327	318,309	377,217	454,186	783,616	681,224	648,034	325,163	267,169	220,171	215,602	139,456	153,264	230,960
B: Mining and quarrying	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	44	71	80	–	–	–	–
C: Manufacturing industries	–	250	252	539	639	708	726	3,245	5,321	6,649	3,354	5,389	6,904	2,445	1,703	1,298	1,824	3,108
D: Electricity, gas and air	–	0	5	7,575	17,211	13,559	1,244	331	338	568	64,259	44,076	36,857	54,685	43,296	94,581	181,110	278,197
E: Water, sewerage, and waste	6,628	5,904	6,770	11,068	12,445	10,515	13,087	21,500	11,510	9,868	8,795	10,442	6,164	6,431	777	1,146	212	199
F: Construction	–	0	373	314	608	1,972	2,734	5,992	6,858	1,513	174	1	18	–	–	–	–	–
G: Wholesale and retail	–	–	–	–	–	–	4	303	607	1,031	408	1,149	752	182	137	106	167	326
H: Transportation and storage	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	36	192	474	280	6	–	–	–	–
I: Accommodation and food services activities	–	0	2	50	144	163	121	450	1,196	696	775	874	442	454	273	201	116	243
J: Information and communication	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	217	305	524	233	770	99	166	106	78	145	304
K: Financial and insurance activities	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	23	44	71	54	276	221	12	25	0	–	–
L: Real estate	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	232	13	–	69	68	–	–	–	–	–
M: Professional, scientific and technical activities	2,316	3,726	4,891	5,895	7,002	6,814	6,952	11,647	13,164	19,130	14,480	15,725	10,880	11,621	9,054	9,946	16,809	17,729
N: Administrative and support services	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	84	34	75	67	70	66	72	61	55	46	44
O: Public administration	311,542	395,432	373,907	303,997	253,033	238,845	281,227	307,708	329,607	306,997	325,919	262,810	185,990	162,926	183,756	193,929	224,410	261,068
P: Education	–	–	658	1,048	771	765	566	479	1,270	2,161	3,336	3,151	2,176	2,558	3,651	3,967	3,737	5,863
Q: Human health and social work activities	–	–	341	539	275	–	29	29	286	1,453	1,210	1,027	669	1,423	2,559	2,886	2,691	4,826
R: Arts and recreation	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	60	288	105	175	96	182	–	–	–	–	–
S: Other services	280	418	436	778	892	926	1,280	1,455	2,318	2,144	2,266	2,525	2,459	3,357	4,631	5,392	5,263	6,153
U: Extra territorial	1,788	2,048	2,277	2,368	2,318	2,436	2,498	2,463	2,447	2,479	2,549	2,546	2,709	2,754	2,659	2,823	2,810	2,754
Households	–	140	142	277	1,285	2,062	10,210	40,497	46,665	33,947	103,684	102,579	61,909	53,916	86,398	88,691	91,472	80,017
Not assigned	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	26	165	1,665	3,720	1,386	1,000	700	900	1,100	900	3,100

Total	543,752	586,936	579,013	551,855	533,950	597,072	697,892	850,696	1,206,271	1,072,349	1,183,683	780,641	587,083	523,958	555,588	545,654	684,976	894,890
– No transfers identified

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Show Table 6 Environmental Transfers by Type of Transfer, 2000-2017

Table 6 Environmental Transfers by Type of Transfer, 2000-2017
€000
Type of Transfer	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
D.39 Subsidies on production	205,593	165,487	174,500	201,472	236,398	307,168	342,599	324,554	327,148	355,646	396,132	326,405	290,376	263,520	250,800	225,469	336,302	509,719
D.63 Social transfers in kind	–	83	87	222	291	383	667	923	2,247	3,278	41,563	36,826	24,485	32,228	63,132	56,608	53,050	31,575
D.73 Other current transfers within government	15,821	18,805	21,209	15,617	20,892	27,291	30,035	38,777	36,891	39,538	34,965	31,275	24,804	24,866	21,509	16,967	12,444	17,101
D.74 Current international cooperation	1,788	2,048	2,277	2,368	2,318	2,436	2,498	2,463	2,447	2,479	2,549	2,546	2,709	2,754	2,659	2,823	2,810	2,754
D.92 Investment grants	320,551	400,457	380,903	332,142	273,072	254,042	304,998	459,281	782,045	645,171	697,522	379,015	236,626	194,197	209,226	232,914	266,017	310,768
D.99 Other capital transfers	–	–	–	–	–	4,104	11,863	11,858	33,710	21,595	7	45	3,497	3,982	4,173	4,022	4,390	4,251
Tax rate relief	–	56	37	34	979	1,649	5,233	12,839	21,785	3,042	10,345	3,230	3,586	1,712	3,190	5,750	9,062	15,623
Accelerated depreciation allowances	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1,600	600	1,300	1,000	700	900	1,100	900	3,100

Total	543,752	586,936	579,013	551,855	533,950	597,072	697,892	850,696	1,206,271	1,072,349	1,183,683	780,641	587,083	523,958	555,588	545,654	684,976	894,890
– No transfers identified

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Show Table 7 Environmental Transfers by Source of Funding (National and EU), 2000-2017

Table 7 Environmental Transfers by Source of Funding (National and EU), 2000-2017
€000
Source of Funding	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
National	415,806	495,408	477,233	435,903	406,922	423,376	491,359	606,185	760,179	871,354	1,004,400	624,064	433,357	399,937	402,516	446,325	590,051	760,275
EU	127,947	91,528	101,780	115,951	127,028	173,696	206,533	244,510	446,093	200,995	179,282	156,577	153,726	124,021	153,073	99,328	94,925	134,615

Total	543,752	586,936	579,013	551,855	533,950	597,072	697,892	850,696	1,206,271	1,072,349	1,183,683	780,641	587,083	523,958	555,588	545,654	684,976	894,890

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Show Table 8 Environmental Transfers by Source of Funding and Administering Body, 2000-2017

Table 8 Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers by Source of Funding and Administering Body, 2000-2017
€000
Source of Funding	Programme Administration^‡	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM)	BIM	0	0	13	13	15	1,056	2,977	11,901	18,040	8,870	490	554	218	139	289	316	425	391
	COFORD	0	0	0	0	0	0	170	727	872	1,285	790	192	0	1,353	125	426	928	608
	DAFM	93,252	88,204	88,083	102,321	111,235	144,660	168,439	199,055	319,082	471,225	465,674	164,916	109,125	96,038	60,640	40,611	63,531	101,847
	Inland Fisheries Ireland	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	641	195	595	267	557	252
	Marine Institute	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	500	375	322	248	167	165	280	2,220	2,762
	Total	93,252	88,204	88,096	102,334	111,250	145,716	171,586	211,683	337,994	481,880	467,328	165,983	110,231	97,892	61,812	41,899	67,662	105,859

Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment (DCCAE)	DCCAE	287	291	299	208	410	438	8,916	9,728	46,733	5,726	3,830	1,243	3,500	8,798	8,073	4,506	10,118	7,997
	EPA	2,573	3,722	5,010	6,545	7,317	7,215	7,168	12,229	13,016	17,455	15,190	15,718	11,735	10,629	9,595	7,539	9,569	9,598
	SEAI	0	83	2,664	5,874	5,104	6,973	11,776	40,519	45,146	50,560	70,122	83,246	49,621	30,358	34,618	37,830	39,770	57,836
	Total	2,860	4,096	7,973	12,627	12,831	14,626	27,860	62,476	104,894	73,741	89,143	100,207	64,856	49,785	52,285	49,875	59,457	75,430

Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (DCHG)	DCHG	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	45	3,497	3,982	4,173	4,022	4,390	4,251
	Heritage Council	0	0	0	0	257	382	746	1,268	1,698	1,230	798	709	739	911	896	933	1,209	1,130
	NPWS	0	0	0	0	0	0	375	159	2,070	2,483	4,499	5,094	4,765	4,026	3,096	2,070	811	596
	Total	0	0	0	0	257	382	1,121	1,427	3,768	3,713	5,297	5,848	9,001	8,920	8,165	7,024	6,410	5,976

Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government (DHPLG)	DHPLG	317,626	400,723	378,570	311,673	262,910	245,962	282,034	314,322	286,798	302,686	362,385	293,127	199,055	181,340	228,289	241,538	263,078	274,037

Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport (DTTS)	DTTS	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	580	776	799	603	714	586	632	606	660	659

Environment Fund	DCCAE	2,068	2,328	2,557	2,668	2,610	2,686	3,316	3,438	4,361	3,916	4,429	10,539	8,467	4,419	4,153	4,234	1,922	1,990

EU	BIM	0	0	39	39	44	3,166	8,931	229	16,204	13,160	276	244	182	139	289	316	425	396
	DAFM	127,947	90,815	100,790	114,505	125,307	168,683	195,328	241,533	428,224	185,523	178,036	155,208	152,103	122,485	150,548	95,792	87,755	126,267
	EU	0	714	951	1,407	1,678	1,847	2,274	2,748	1,665	1,812	595	804	1,193	1,230	2,071	2,941	3,392	4,082
	Marine Institute	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	500	375	322	248	167	165	280	3,352	3,870
	Total	127,947	91,528	101,780	115,951	127,028	173,696	206,533	244,510	446,093	200,995	179,282	156,577	153,726	124,021	153,073	99,328	94,925	134,615

Exchequer (other)	Commission for Regulation of Utilities	0	0	0	6,568	16,086	12,356	210	0	0	0	64,075	43,226	36,447	54,584	43,088	94,300	180,900	277,600
	Revenue	0	56	37	34	979	1,649	5,233	12,839	21,785	4,642	10,945	4,530	4,585	2,412	4,090	6,850	9,962	18,723
	Total	0	56	37	6,602	17,065	14,005	5,442	12,839	21,785	4,642	75,020	47,756	41,033	56,996	47,178	101,150	190,862	296,323
^‡Abbreviations and acronyms are listed in the Background Notes

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Background Notes

Environmental Accounts

As part of the implementation of the UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA)[1], Eurostat, the European statistical office, has developed a series of environmental accounts modules, including the Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers module. Eurostat has sought data under this module since 2015 and will continue to seek annual submissions. Data collection is currently voluntary but may eventually be established on a legal basis.

Ireland has submitted data for these voluntary collections and this release is based on those submissions. Eurostat has published guidelines to assist countries and to ensure that there is a consistent methodology followed in all member states. As the data collection process matures, the guidelines will be developed into a more formal manual based on both SEEA principles and the practical experience of member states.

We included preliminary data on potentially environmentally damaging subsidies (PEDS) in the 2016 release; however for 2017 a separate release will be issued in the coming months.

Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers

The UN SEEA Central Framework defines an environmental subsidy or similar transfer as a:
"current or capital transfer that is intended to support activities which protect the environment or reduce the use and extraction of natural resources".

This definition includes environmental subsidies and similar transfers that are current or capital transfers according to the SNA 2008[2] and its European version, the ESA 2010[3].

Types of Transfer

Type of Transfer	ESA 2010 Definition
Other subsidies on production (D.39)	Current unrequited payments other than subsidies on products which general government or the institutions of the EU make to resident producers.
Social transfers in kind (D.63)	Goods and services provided for free or at prices that are not economically significant to individual households by government units and non-profit institutions.
Current transfers within general government (D.73)	Transfers between the different subsectors of general government (central government, local government, social security funds) with the exception of taxes, subsidies, investment grants and other capital transfers.
Current international cooperation (D.74)	Transfers in cash or in kind between general government and governments or international organisations in the rest of the world, except investment grants and other capital transfers.
Investment grants (D.92)	Capital transfers in cash or in kind made by governments or by the rest of the world to other institutional units to finance all or part of the costs of their acquiring fixed assets.
Other capital transfers (D.99)	Transfers other than investment grants and capital taxes which do not themselves redistribute income but redistribute saving or wealth among the different sectors or subsectors of the economy or the rest of the world.

Although tax abatements are not covered in the definition of transfers above, we have included statistics on environment-related tax rate reliefs and accelerated depreciation allowances in this release as they are important for environmental policy making. An example of a tax rate relief is the waiving of the vehicle registration tax for purchasers of electric vehicles. An accelerated depreciation allowance incentivises purchases of fixed assets such as energy efficient equipment by permitting higher tax deductions in the early years of the asset’s life.

Environmental Protection and Resource Management Classifications

Environmental protection includes all activities and actions which have as their primary purpose the prevention, reduction and elimination of pollution as well as any other degradation of the environment. Resource management includes the preservation, maintenance and enhancement of the stock of natural resources.

Environmental subsidies and similar transfers can be classified by the environmental protection or natural resource domain towards which they are targeted. We use the CEPA (Classification of Environmental Protection Activities) and CReMA (Classification of Resource Management Activities) classifications.

CEPA is an internationally agreed classification of environmental protection activities by environmental domain and is included in the amended Regulation (EU) No 691/2011[4]:

CEPA 2000
    01. Protection of ambient air and climate
    02. Wastewater management
    03. Waste management
    04. Protection and remediation of soil, groundwater and surface water
    05. Noise and vibration abatement
    06. Protection of biodiversity and landscapes
    07. Protection against radiation
    08. Research and development
    09. Other environmental protection activities

CReMA can be used to classify environmental subsidies and similar transfers for resource management. It is also included in the amended Regulation (EU) No 691/2011:

CReMA 2008
    10. Management of water
    11. Management of forest resources
    12. Management of wild flora and fauna
    13. Management of energy resources
          13A. Production of energy from renewable sources
          13B. Heat/energy saving and management
          13C. Minimisation of the intake of fossil resources for raw materials for uses other than energy production
    14. Management of minerals
    15. Research and development activities for natural resources management
    16. Other natural resource management activities

Environmental Protection and Resource Management Objectives

Activities and actions having a favourable impact on the environment but which have other goals were not included here. Programmes with more than one objective that are not wholly aimed at environmental protection or resource management were partially included. Where possible this was done by obtaining information on the amount of expenditure relating to the environmental objective under the programme. When this was not possible we applied a coefficient to the funding. To keep this process straightforward, easy to use and easy to understand we applied the coefficients[5] as follows:

Coefficient	Description
1.00	Main objective or technical nature of the programme is environmental protection or resource management
0.40	One of the main objectives of the programme is environmental protection or resource management
0.00	The main objective of the programme is not related to environmental protection or resource management

We applied the 0.40 coefficient to the following schemes: Chalara Scheme, Fallen Animals Scheme, Green Schools Travel Programme, Neighbourwood and Warmer Homes Scheme. The reason for each decision is outlined in the notes on individual programmes.

Institutional Sectors and Economic Activities of Beneficiaries

We have compiled data on the entities that receive environmental subsidies and similar transfers from the national government and from the EU. The beneficiaries are classified according to their institutional sector and their industry as follows:

(i) Institutional sector. An institutional sector is defined in ESA 2010 as an aggregation of institutional units with similar economic behaviour. The following institutional sectors are distinguished:

Sector	Title
S.11	Non-financial corporations
S.12	Financial corporations
S.13	General government
S.14	Households
S.15	Non-profit institutions serving households
S.2	Rest of the world

(ii) Industry. An industry is a group of producer units with the same principal economic activity. NACE[6] is the European reference classification for statistics related to economic activities.

Section	Title
A	Agriculture, forestry and fishing
B	Mining and quarrying
C	Manufacturing
D	Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
E	Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
F	Construction
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
H	Transportation and storage
I	Accommodation and food service activities
J	Information and communication
K	Financial and insurance activities
L	Real estate activities
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities
N	Administrative and support service activities
O	Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
P	Education
Q	Human health and social work activities
R	Arts, entertainment and recreation
S	Other service activities
T	Activities of householders as employers and producers
U	Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies

Allocation of funding to NACE sections and institutional sectors was straightforward for certain programmes but posed a challenge for others.

Agriculture, forestry and fishing transfers, international funding commitments, transfers to public bodies and transfers to households were in general quite simple to assign.

However identifying the sector, and in particular the NACE section, of the recipients of industry and commercial services grants (such as energy efficiency retrofit grants) was a more involved process. Details of grant recipients were sometimes published in the annual reports of the coordinating bodies. Otherwise we requested the data from the relevant organisations. The beneficiaries were assigned to NACE sections using the CSO’s Business Register.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

BIM	Bord Iascaigh Mhara (Sea Fisheries Board)
COFORD	Competitive Forestry Research for Development (formerly the Council for Forest Research and Development)
CRU	Commission for Regulation of Utilities
EPA	Environmental Protection Agency
IFI	Inland Fisheries Ireland
NPWS	National Parks and Wildlife Service
SEAI	Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland

Data Sources

Much of the information was collected from the publicly available annual accounts of government departments and organisations. CSO Government Finance Statistics were very useful as they sometimes provided more detail than the published annual reports. Local authority annual financial statements contain information on subsidies and grants received from central government for specific purposes.

The largest number of environmental transfers were run by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. We contacted the agriculture, forestry and marine divisions of the department directly in order to request data on relevant programmes along with a breakdown of the funding by national and EU contributions, current and capital amounts and information about the NACE section of the beneficiaries.

The EPA, the SEAI and BIM provided data on grant recipients that allowed for classification by institutional sector and NACE. Some of this information was published in their annual reports and some was obtained through direct requests for data to the relevant organisation.

Annual costs of tax expenditures are published on the Revenue website. Where further details were required we contacted the Revenue Statistics division directly.

Note on the Environment Fund: The Environment Fund was established under the Waste Management (Amendment) Act 2001. Revenue from the plastic bag levy and the landfill levy is paid into the Fund, which is then used to finance national and international environment-related organisations, programmes, projects and activities. The Environment Fund is managed by the Department of Communications, Climate Action and the Environment and in the programme descriptions that follow it is referred to as the national Environment Fund.

Revisions

We are publishing significantly revised figures for two programmes in this release: the PSO Levy subsidy to production of energy from renewable resources, and the Rural Water Programme. The Commission for the Regulation of Utilities (CRU) publishes an annual decision paper on the amount of the subsidy to renewable energy from October 1st in a given year until September 30th the following year. In previous years we adjusted these figures to provide a total figure for the calendar year. However, to maintain consistency with other published data, we have decided to assign the figure published by the CRU to the calendar year in which the majority of the subsidy year lies. The Rural Water Programme is administered by the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government. Previously we assigned a proportion of the total expenditure on the Rural Water Programme to the wastewater management element of the Programme. This year we received figures for wastewater expenditure for a number of years directly from the Department, which has allowed us to improve the accuracy of our figures and estimates. Both revisions resulted in a decrease in the value of the subsidy, compared with figures published in the 2016 release.

List of Programmes

Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters
The contribution by the Irish government to the Aarhus Convention is a current transfer to an international organisation paid from the national Environment Fund. As it relates to environmental regulation and information it is classified under CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities.

Accelerated Capital Allowances for Energy Efficient Equipment
This tax abatement scheme began in 2009 and is aimed at encouraging investment in energy-efficient equipment so it is classified as CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Agri-Environment Options Scheme (AEOS)
The main objective of AEOS is to promote farming practices that are favourable to biodiversity. Subsidies, as well as some capital grants, have been made by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine to farmers since 2011 for the implementation of measures such as maintaining traditional hay meadows or grassland. The scheme is co-funded by the EU and falls under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

Air Pollution Control (Local Authorities)
The Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government subsidises the implementation of air pollution, noise pollution and water quality control measures by local authorities. We made the assumption of an even distribution of funds between the three areas and therefore included one-third of the total as a current transfer under CEPA 01: Protection of ambient air and climate. A further one-third was assigned to CEPA 05: Noise and vibration abatement (see Noise pollution control (Local authorities) below) while the water quality expenditure is not included as its primary purpose is health rather than environment protection.

Animal Carcase Disposal Scheme
This capital grant scheme was designed to facilitate the appropriate handling, storage and collection of fallen farm animals with funding specifically provided for the improvement of wastewater collection and treatment. The programme is classified under CEPA 02: Wastewater management and CEPA 03: Waste management. We have distributed the funding evenly between the two environmental domains. The scheme began in 2002 under the National Development Plan and ran until 2010. Payments were made by the Department of Agriculture to farmers.

Aran Islands Electric Vehicle Programme
The aim of this SEAI programme is to demonstrate the potential for electric vehicles charged by wind energy to meet transport requirements on the Aran Islands. It is a capital grant scheme and is classified as CEPA 01: Protection of ambient air and climate.

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
This contribution by government to an international organisation is a current transfer paid from the national Environment Fund. It is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 03: Waste management.

Better Energy Communities
This SEAI capital grant programme began in 2012 and brings together various organisations and sectors within communities under the same retrofit programme. The aim of the programme is to deliver energy savings so it is classified under CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Better Energy Homes
The SEAI Better Energy Homes Scheme was introduced in 2009 with the aim of encouraging home-owners to improve the energy efficiency of their homes by providing a capital grant to participants. The scheme operates nationally and is open to owners of dwellings built prior to 2006. It is classified under CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Better Energy Workplaces
This SEAI capital grant programme for energy efficient retrofitting in public and private sector organisations ran from 2011-2013 and is classified under CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Bioenergy Scheme
The Bioenergy Scheme was launched first as a pilot programme in 2007 and then as an EU co-funded scheme under the Rural Development Programme in 2010. The Department of Agriculture and the EU provide establishment grants to farmers to grow Willow and Miscanthus for the production of biomass suitable for use as a renewable source of energy. The scheme is classified as CReMA 13A: Production of energy from renewable resources.

Biomass Harvesting Equipment Scheme
The purpose of this Department of Agriculture scheme, which ran from 2007 to 2010, was to support the purchase of biomass harvesting and processing equipment by farmers. The scheme is classified as CReMA 13A: Production of energy from renewable resources.

Burren Farming for Conservation Programme/Burren Life Programme
The objective of this scheme is to implement farm plans that protect the environment in the Burren, in particular the habitats listed in Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive that occur within the Burren. The scheme is administered by the National Parks and Wildlife Service and participating farmers are funded by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and the EU. The Programme name changed to Burren Life Programme in 2015. It is classified under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

Capital Investment Plan (Wastewater)
Irish Water’s Capital Investment Plan began in 2014 and aims to continue the work of the Water Services Investment Programme. Here we include the wastewater investment portion of the plan under CEPA 02: Wastewater management.

Cartagena Biosafety Protocol
This contribution by government to an international organisation is a current transfer paid from the national Environment Fund. It is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape as its purpose is to protect biodiversity from the potential risks posed by genetically modified organisms.

Cessation of Turf-Cutting Compensation Scheme
Turf-cutting is restricted on 53 raised bog Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) in Ireland. The Cessation of Turf-Cutting Compensation Scheme was introduced by the NPWS in 2011 to compensate households affected by the restriction. The objective is to protect biodiversity and habitats so the payments are included under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

Chalara (Reconstitution of Woodlands) Scheme
Ash dieback is a disease that affects ash trees. It is caused by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (previously known as Chalara fraxinea). This Department of Agriculture scheme aims to restore forests affected by the disease and as many of these woodlands will have been afforested under the FEPS and NWE programmes (see below) we partially included the Chalara Scheme under the environmental domain CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape. Partial inclusion of schemes is implemented by applying a coefficient to those programmes whose environmental protection or resource management objective(s) may not be the only motivation for the implementation of the programme. In the case of the Chalara Scheme much of the woodland restoration will involve the afforestation of cultivated forest for commercial timber production.

Chough, Goose and Wader Farm Plan Schemes
Under these NPWS Farm Plan Schemes, capital grant payments are made to farmers in Special Protection Areas to encourage them to protect the habitats of birds that are listed in Annex I of the EU Birds Directive[7]. These programmes are classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

CHP Deployment Scheme
The SEAI’s Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Deployment programme provided grants to enterprises for the deployment of small-scale CHP systems. The programme closed in 2011. It is classified under CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Cleaner Greener Production Programme/Green Enterprise
The EPA launched the Cleaner Greener Production Programme (CGPP) in 2001 as a capital grant scheme to promote environmentally friendly practices in Irish industries. It has been funded under the EPA’s research programme and is therefore classified under CEPA 08: Environmental research and development and CReMA 15: Research and development activities for resource management. The funding was distributed evenly between the environmental protection and resource management classes. Data was provided by the EPA for the years 2010-2017. As no figures for 2001-2009 were available we estimated the total funding paid out under the scheme in those years based on EPA reports.

COFORD Research Programme
COFORD has funded research into forests and climate change and forest biodiversity under its thematic research area “Policy and public goods”. Data on environment research grant payments was obtained directly from the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. The programme is assigned to CEPA 08: Environmental research and development.

Conservation and Management of Fisheries
Capital grants for the Conservation and Management of Fisheries were made by the Department of the Marine and Natural Resources up to and including 2006, with some of the expenditure being recouped from the EU. In 2007 the Sea Fisheries Protection Authority took over the role. The programme is classified under the resource management domain CReMA 12: Management of wild flora and fauna. The national and EU share of the payments was estimated for the years 2001 and 2003.

Contaminated Soil Forum
This was a contribution made by the Irish government in 2006 and 2009 to an international organisation and is a current transfer paid from the national Environment Fund. It is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 04: Protection and remediation of soil, groundwater and surface water.

Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context
This current transfer from the Irish government to an international organisation was paid from 2008-2011 from the national Environment Fund. It sets out the obligation of countries to notify each other of all major projects under consideration that are likely to have a significant adverse environmental impact across boundaries. It is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities.

Corncrake Farm Plan Scheme
The aim of the NPWS Corncrake Farm Plan Scheme is to encourage farmers to mow their meadows later in the year and to mow in a corncrake-friendly manner. This capital grant scheme is classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

Corncrake Grant Scheme
This capital grant scheme is aimed at landowners who have corncrakes on or near their meadows, to encourage them to mow their meadows later in the year and to mow in a corncrake-friendly manner. It is also run by the NPWS and is classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

Data Collection Scheme
The Data Collection Scheme supports policy and management of fisheries at National and EU level through compilation and analysis of scientific and economic data on fisheries. It is co-funded by the EU under the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF). The Marine Institute has received the funding for scheme from the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine since it began in 2016.

Electric Vehicle Programme
Since 2011, the SEAI offers capital grants to householders towards the purchase of electric vehicles. The aim of the grant scheme is to reduce air pollutant emissions so the funding was assigned to CEPA 01: Protection of ambient air and climate.

Energy Efficiency Retrofit Fund
This SEAI capital grant programme was available to public and private sector organisations in 2010 and 2011 for the implementation of energy efficiency projects. It is classified under CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Energy in Education Programme
This SEAI programme promotes energy efficiency in schools and is classified as a current transfer under CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Environment Fund Project Grants
These projects, funded through the national Environment Fund, include the Young Environmentalist Awards, the Cork Environment Forum, the Green Awards and the SWAN and VOICE non-governmental organisations. They are classified as CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities and CReMA 16: Other resource management activities, with the assumption of an even distribution of funding between the two classes. Not all grants paid from the national Environment Fund were included as there was a risk of double-counting, in particular with programmes that may have involved the Heritage Council or the Local Authorities.

Environment Fund NGO Grants
These payments are towards capacity-building, core funding and project funding for environmental non-government organisations in Ireland. They are classified as CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities and CReMA 16: Other resource management activities, with the assumption of an even distribution of funding between the two classes.

Environmentally Friendly Fishing Gear
This BIM programme promoted the use of environmentally friendly fishing techniques through capital grants and is classified under CReMA 12: Management of Wild Flora and Fauna. It was co-funded by the EU.

ERTDI (Environmental Research, Technological Development and Innovation) Research Programme
ERDTI was the title of the EPA’s research programme up to and including 2006. In 2007 the new research programme STRIVE was launched. Both are classified under CEPA 08: Environmental research and development and CReMA 15: Research and development activities for resource management. We distributed the research funding evenly between the environmental protection and resource management classes.

EU LIFE programmes – general note: EU LIFE programmes are jointly funded by the EU LIFE programme and national organisations. We have included only the EU contribution to the funding in order to avoid possible double-counting with other national programmes such as agri-environment schemes. Information on the total EU funding provided over the lifetime of the project was readily available; however it proved difficult to obtain details of the annual expenditure. Therefore for most of the EU LIFE programmes that follow we have distributed the total funding evenly across the project lifetime.

EU LIFE programmes: AranLIFE
The AranLIFE project began in 2014. It aims to develop and demonstrate the best conservation management practices of local farmers on the designated Natura 2000 sites of the three islands (protected habitats for flora and fauna of European importance). It is classified under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

EU LIFE programmes: Blackwater SAMOK
This project worked towards the conservation and restoration of endangered fish, mammals and birds found in the Munster Blackwater River Special Area of Conservation. It is classified under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

EU LIFE programmes: Blanket Bog Project
Blanket bog is listed for protection in Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive, which means that EU member states must protect the best representative examples of blanket bog habitat in Special Areas of Conservation (SACs). This subsidy scheme is classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

EU LIFE programmes: BurrenLIFE
The overall objective of BurrenLIFE was to develop a new model for sustainable agriculture in the Burren in order to conserve the habitats of the region designated under the Habitats Directive. It was a subsidy to farmers and is classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape. This programme ran from 2005-2009. Its successor, the Burren Farming for Conservation/Burren Life programme, is currently in operation.

EU LIFE programmes: CAISIE
The full name of this programme is “Control of Aquatic Invasive Species and restoration of natural communities in Ireland”. It ran from 2009-2012 and is classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

EU LIFE programmes: CleanWood
This programme ran from 2006 to 2010 and aimed to demonstrate the environmental and competitive benefits of recovering waste wood for reuse. It is classified under CReMA 11: Management of forest resources.

EU LIFE programmes: DEPOTEC
This project aimed to use a depolymerisation process to recycle waste tyres into products that can be used for rubber manufacturing. It ran from 2011 to 2015 and is classified under CReMA 13C: Minimisation of the intake of fossil resources for raw materials for uses other than energy production.

EU LIFE programmes: DfAuto
The DfAuto project aimed to improve environmental compliance in the automotive sector. It is classified under CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities.

EU LIFE programmes: Duck Slurry
This project aimed to develop a mechanism for the processing of duck slurry into a solid fertiliser, thus reducing water contamination. It is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 04: Protection and remediation of soil, groundwater and surface water.

EU LIFE programmes: Epicentre
This project aimed to support environmental performance improvements in organisations across the EU and is classified under CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities.

EU LIFE programmes: GeoparkLIFE
GeoparkLIFE is a conservation programme established by the Burren and Cliffs of Moher Geopark that seeks a balance between the tourism interests and the conservation needs of the Geopark region. It is classified under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

EU LIFE programmes: Golden Eagle
This project aimed to start a re-introduction programme for the golden eagle in the Glenveagh National Park in Donegal and is classified under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

EU LIFE programmes: HEATSUN
The project aimed to address the issue of electrical and electronic waste management in the Dublin region and is classified under CEPA 03: Waste management.

EU LIFE programmes: KerryLIFE
The KerryLIFE project aims to promote agricultural and forestry practices that are compatible with the conservation of the pearl mussel. It is classified under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

EU LIFE programmes: MulkearLIFE
The objective of the MulkearLIFE programme was the restoration of the Lower Shannon Special Area of Conservation for the sea lamprey, the Atlantic salmon and the European otter. The project was coordinated by Inland Fisheries Ireland and is classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

EU LIFE programmes: Raised Bog Project
Coillte coordinated two EU LIFE projects on raised bog restoration, the first began in 2004 and the second in 2011. Both are classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

EU LIFE programmes: RaptorLIFE
This EU LIFE project was launched in 2015 and aims to restore habitats for the hen harrier, the merlin, the Atlantic salmon and the brook lamprey in Duhallow in County Cork. It is classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

EU LIFE programmes: Restoring Priority Woodland
This project aimed to restore natural woodland habitat by removing non-native trees and invasive exotic shrubs. It ran from 2006-2009 and is classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

EU LIFE programmes: Roseate Tern
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and Birdwatch Ireland were involved in this project to improve the conservation prospects of the roseate tern in the UK and Ireland. Three Special Protection Areas in Ireland and four in the UK were chosen for the project. Accordingly three-sevenths of the project funding was included here under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

EU LIFE programmes: Termoncarragh
The objective of this project was to enhance the habitat conditions for breeding and wintering at Termoncarragh Lake Special Protection Area. It is classified under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

EU LIFE programmes: Tyre/Wood Block
The objective of this programme was to demonstrate the environmental and competitive benefits of a pallet block that re-used tyre-derived waste materials, sawmilling residues and woodchip from discarded pallets. It is classified under CReMA 11: Management of forest resources and CReMA 13C: Minimisation of the intake of fossil resources for raw materials for uses other than energy production. The funding was distributed evenly between the two environmental domains.

EU LIFE programmes: Waterbirds
The objective of this programme was to restore and manage wetland bird habitats. It is classified under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

EU LIFE programmes: WISER LIFE
The objectives of the WISER LIFE project are to retrofit the Ballymun boiler house to meet best practice energy management standards and to create an environmentally educational experience for visitors to the building. The subsidy is classified as CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management and CReMA 16: Other resource management activities. We distributed the funding evenly between the two resource management classes.

European Environmental Bureau
This international funding commitment is classified under the environmental class CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities. It is a current transfer paid from the national Environment Fund.

EXEED (Excellence in Energy Efficiency Design) Programme
EXEED is an SEAI grant programme that aims to incentivise and facilitate energy efficiency in businesses by providing funding for new assets and upgrades to existing assets that are managed to optimise energy efficiency. The grant is available to any organisation, in any sector of the economy. The first payments were made in 2016. It is classified as CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Fallen Animals Scheme
This Department of Agriculture scheme was launched in 2001 with the objective of reducing the incidence of on-farm burials of fallen animals and implementing BSE testing. It provides for the subsidised collection and disposal of fallen bovine and other farm animals. As the scheme has objectives other than environmental protection or resource management (i.e. BSE testing) it is partially included here under the domain CEPA 03: Waste management through the application of a coefficient.

Farm Waste Management Scheme
The Farm Waste Management Scheme was introduced by the Department of Agriculture in 2001. It was amended in 2006 to specifically help farmers meet the requirements of the EU Nitrates Directive by providing grants for animal housing and storage facilities for silage and agricultural waste. The scheme is classified under CEPA 02: Wastewater management. It was co-funded by the EU. We estimated the EU contribution for the years 2005-2010 based on data from earlier and later years. A large increase in payments under this scheme from 2008-2010 is the reason for the peak in environmental transfers that can be observed in the tables and graphs during those years.

Food Institutional Research Measure (FIRM)
The Food Institutional Research Measure is funded by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and is the primary national funding mechanism for food research in higher education institutions and other public research institutes. Data on environment research grant payments was obtained directly from the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. The programme is assigned to CEPA 08: Environmental research and development.

Forest Environment Protection Scheme (FEPS)
Under this scheme, which was introduced in 2007, capital grant and premium payments are made by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine to farmers to encourage the establishment of woodland for biodiversity and habitat support and protection. FEPS is therefore classified under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape. Afforestation programmes cannot be classified as CReMA 11: Management of forest resources as this refers exclusively to the management of non-cultivated forest resources.

Geneva Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution
This ongoing contribution by government to an international organisation is a current transfer paid from the Environment Fund and is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 01: Protection of ambient air and climate.

GLAS (Green, Low-carbon Agri-environment Scheme)
GLAS was launched in 2014 with the first payments being made in 2015. It is funded by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and the EU under the Rural Development Programme. The scheme subsidises the implementation of farming practices that promote protection of biodiversity and help combat climate change so it is classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape and CEPA 01: Protection of ambient air and climate. As the majority of payments relate to practices that encourage biodiversity, 90% of the funding is classified as CEPA 06 while the remaining 10% is assigned to CEPA 01.

Global Environment Facility
This ongoing contribution by government to an international organisation is a current transfer paid from the Environment Fund. It is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities. Through the Global Environment Facility, funds are made available to developing countries to help them meet the requirements of international environmental conventions and agreements.

Green Communities Programme
The Green Communities and Green Home programmes are run by the EPA and An Taisce as part of the National Waste Prevention Programme. The aims are to raise environmental awareness and to support positive environmental behaviour amongst households and community groups. The programmes are classified as CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities and CReMA 16: Other resource management activities. The funding was distributed evenly between the environmental protection and resource management classes.

Green Healthcare Programme
The Green Healthcare programme is part of the National Waste Prevention Programme. It began in 2009 and is classified as CEPA 03: Waste management. Data were provided by the EPA for the years 2011-2015. We estimated the amount of funding provided under this programme for the years 2009-2010.

Green Home Programme
The EPA’s Green Home programme began in 2007 and provides householders with information on waste prevention, water conservation and energy conservation. It is classified as a social transfer in kind under CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities and CReMA 16: Other resource management activities. The funding was distributed evenly between the classes. The EPA provided data on funding under this programme for the years 2011-2015. We estimated the amount of funding provided for the years 2007-2010.

Green Hospitality Awards
The Green Hospitality Award is an environmental certification introduced by the EPA in 2009 and aimed at the hospitality sector. It is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 03: Waste management. The EPA provided figures for the years 2011-2015. We made estimates of the amount of funding provided under this programme for 2007-2010.

Green Schools Programme
The Green Schools programme is run by An Taisce in partnership with local authorities throughout Ireland and has been supported by the Department of Communications, Climate Action and the Environment through the Environment Fund since 2006. It is assigned to CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities and CReMA 16: Other resource management activities. The funding was distributed evenly between the classes.

Green Schools Travel Programme
Travel is one of the themes of the Green Schools programme (see previous entry). The Travel theme is funded separately from the other themes by the Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport. The programme has a number of objectives, including easing traffic congestion, improving children’s health and fitness and protecting the environment through reduced air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. The programme is partially included under domain CEPA 01: Protection of ambient air and climate through the application of a coefficient.

GreenBusiness.ie/SMILE
The Greenbusiness.ie project was launched by the EPA in 2008. It is aimed at helping enterprises to reduce their environmental impacts and in doing so, to reduce costs. SMILE (Saving Money through Industrial Linkages and Exchanges) is a system for identifying and delivering by-products from one industry for use as inputs in other industries. It is classified under CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities and CReMA 16: Other resource management activities. The funding was distributed evenly between the classes. The EPA provided figures for the years 2011-2015 and estimates were made for 2008-2010.

Greener Homes Scheme
This SEAI capital grant programme ran from 2006 to 2011 with the aim of achieving wider deployment of renewable energy heating technologies in the residential sector. It is assigned to CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Hen Harrier Farm Plan Scheme
The Hen Harrier is a threatened bird of prey that is listed in Annex I of the EU Birds Directive[7]. This NPWS scheme provides grants to farmers to conserve hen harrier habitats and is classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

Heritage Council Biodiversity Grants
The Heritage Council administers grant payments towards projects that enhance biodiversity at the local level in Ireland. These grants are classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

Heritage Council Wildlife Grants
From 2004-2010 the Heritage Council funded projects on Irish wildlife. These grants are classified as CReMA 12: Management of Wild Flora and Fauna.

Home Energy Saving Programme
This SEAI scheme was the pilot for the Better Energy Homes Scheme and is classified under CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

House of Tomorrow
House of Tomorrow was a capital grant programme run by the SEAI from 2001-2010 with the aim of encouraging energy efficient planning, design and construction practices in the Irish construction sector. It is classified under the resource management domain CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Industry and Business Programme
The SEAI’s Industry and Business programme supports efforts across all business sectors to improve energy efficiency. It is classified under CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Industry RD&D
This sustainable energy research, development and demonstration capital grant programme has been run by the SEAI since 2007. It is classified under CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Landfill Remediation
The Department of Communications, Climate Action and the Environment provides capital for the remediation of former landfill sites. The programme is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 04: Protection and remediation of soil, groundwater and surface water.

Landfill Remediation (Environment Fund)
In 2011 and 2012 some of the capital for the landfill remediation programme (see previous entry) was sourced from the national Environment Fund. This expenditure is classified as CEPA 04: Protection and remediation of soil, groundwater and surface water.

Litter Management (Local Authorities)
The Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government subsidises litter management measures by local authorities across Ireland. This funding is assigned to the domain CEPA 03: Waste management. Estimates were made for the years 2000-2008 based on total subsidies to local authorities for waste management.

Lobster V-Notching Scheme
The Lobster V-notching Scheme is an ongoing, EU co-funded capital grant scheme run by BIM that aims to protect female lobsters so that they can breed a number of times. As the programme objective is to preserve lobster stocks it is classified under CReMA 12: Management of Wild Flora and Fauna.

Local Agenda 21 Environmental Partnership Fund
The Local Agenda 21 Environmental Partnership Fund aims to promote, at local level, the objectives of the Agenda 21 action plan on sustainable development which was agreed at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Capital grants are paid from the national Environment Fund. The programme is included here under CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities and CReMA 16: Other resource management activities. The funding was distributed evenly between the classes.

Local Authority Estate Energy Retrofit
This capital transfer from the Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government aims to make local authority dwellings more energy efficient and less costly to heat. It is classified as CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Local Authority Waste Prevention Network
The Local Authority Waste Prevention Network is an EPA programme that aims to enable local authorities to implement resource efficiency programmes in partnership with businesses, public organisations and communities. The EPA provided data for the years 2011-2015. Estimates were made for the years 2005-2010. The funding was assigned to CEPA 03: Waste management.

Low Emission Slurry Scheme (LESS)
The principal objective of LESS is to promote the purchase of new equipment for the spreading of slurry by farmers, where this equipment results in lower emissions of nitrogen oxides to air. It is jointly funded by the European Union and the national exchequer and the first payments were made in 2017. It is classified under CEPA 01: Protection of ambient air and climate.

Marine Biodiversity Scheme
The objectives of the Marine Biodiversity Scheme are to reduce the impact of fisheries and aquaculture on the marine environment and to protect aquatic biodiversity and ecosystems. The EU and the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine co-fund projects on environment impact assessment, data collection, habitat mapping and habitat restoration under this capital grant scheme. It is classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

Marine Environment Protection Scheme
This BIM programme promoted an Environmental Management System for fishing operation and seafood produced in accordance with the system. It was co-funded by the EU and is classified under the resource management domain CReMA 12: Management of Wild Flora and Fauna.

Microgeneration Scheme
The SEAI’s Microgeneration programme provided funding to households and businesses to deploy small-scale electricity generators using renewable energy sources. It is classified as CReMA 13A: Production of energy from renewable resources.

National Biodiversity Data Centre
The National Biodiversity Data Centre was set up in 2007 and is funded by the Heritage Council. It is classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape. We included Heritage Council funding for maintaining biological records prior to 2007 under this programme. The National Biodiversity Data Centre works with other organisations such as the EPA and Inland Fisheries Ireland on projects such as monitoring native species like Irish butterflies, marine mammals and wild crops, as well as invasive species.

Native Woodland Conservation (NWC) Scheme
The aim of the NWC programme is to support the appropriate restoration of existing native woodlands as well as the ecosystems and habitats that native woodlands support. We distributed the funding evenly between CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape and CReMA 11: Management of forest resources. Funding is provided by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine.

Native Woodland Establishment (NWE) Scheme
Since 2007 the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine has made capital grant and premium payments to farmers to promote the establishment of native woodland species such as oak and ash with the objective of protecting their associated biodiversity and habitats. The NWE scheme is therefore classified under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

Natterjack Toad Grant Scheme
This NPWS scheme is aimed at getting farmers involved in natterjack toad conservation by digging ponds and is classified under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

Neighbourwood
Neighbourwoods are accessible, close-to-home woodland amenities. Grant payments are made to landowners, farmers and local authorities to provide access to local communities to their woodland. As this Department of Agriculture scheme has biodiversity as well as recreational objectives, it was partially included under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

Noise Pollution Control (Local Authorities)
The Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government subsidises the implementation of air pollution, noise pollution and water quality control measures by local authorities. We included one-third of the total as a current transfer under CEPA 05: Noise and Vibration Abatement (see also Air pollution control (Local authorities)).

Ocean Energy Programme
This SEAI programme began in 2008 and funds research into the harnessing of ocean energy for use as a renewable energy source. It is classified as CReMA 13A: Production of energy from renewable resources.

OECD Environmental Compliance Indicators
This contribution by government to an international organisation is a current transfer paid from the national Environment Fund. It is classified under the environmental class CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities.

On-farm Investment: Pollution Control
This capital grant scheme was run by the Department of Agriculture until 2006. Figures for 2004-2006 are estimated based on payments from previous years and total grants paid under the on-farm investment scheme in 2004-2006. The programme is assigned to CEPA 02: Wastewater management.

Operation and Aftercare of Landfill (Local Authorities)
The Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government subsidises the operation, maintenance and aftercare of landfill by local authorities across Ireland. This funding is assigned to the domain CEPA 03: Waste management. Estimates were made for the years 2000-2008 based on total subsidies to local authorities for waste management.

Operation and Maintenance of Waste to Energy Facilities
The Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government subsidises the operation and maintenance of waste to energy facilities by local authorities. This funding is assigned to the domain CReMA 13A: Production of energy from renewable resources.

Organic Farming Scheme
This EU co-funded Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine scheme is classified under CEPA 04: Protection and remediation of soil, groundwater and surface water as per Eurostat methodological guidelines for the Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers data collection module. The EU and national contributions to the total funding were estimated for the years 2009-2010 based on later years.

OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic
This contribution by government to an international organisation is a current transfer paid from the national Environment Fund. It is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

Owenduff, Twelve Bens and Other Farm Plan Schemes
The NPWS Farm Plan Scheme was launched in 2006. It is an agri-environment grant scheme that aims to encourage farmers to implement habitat- and species-specific protection measures. It is classified as CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

Packaging Prevention Programme
The Packaging Prevention Programme aims to help Irish businesses reduce packaging. The programme is classified as CEPA 03: Waste management. The EPA provided data for the years 2011-2015. Estimates were made for the years 2007-2010.

PSO Levy: Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources
The PSO Levy is charged to electricity consumers in Ireland. Some of the funding is used to subsidise electricity generation from renewable sources and is classified under CReMA 13A: Production of energy from renewable resources.

Public Sector Energy Efficiency Programme
The Public Sector Energy Efficiency Programme provides capital grants to retrofit projects demonstrating energy-efficient technology upgrades to existing buildings and facilities. The programme is run by the SEAI and is classified as CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Public Sector Energy Programme
SEAI capital funding towards the Energy Management Bureau, the Public Sector Design Studies Support Scheme and the Public Sector Model Solutions Investments Support Scheme is included under this heading. The schemes were in operation between 2002 and 2010. They are classified as CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland
The RPII was funded by the Department of the Environment until it was merged with the EPA in 2014. Its main objective was to protect the Irish public from the health and safety risks posed by ionising radiation. A portion of the funding (approximately 10%) it received from the exchequer was included under CEPA 07: Protection against Radiation.

Rainwater Harvesting Scheme
The objective of this Department of Agriculture scheme is to conserve water by maximising the use of rainfall run-off. It offers capital grants towards rainwater harvesting facilities and equipment. It is classified under CReMA 10: Management of Water.

Recycling Facilities (Local Authorities)
The Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government subsidises the operation and maintenance of waste treatment facilities by local authorities across Ireland. This funding is assigned to the domain CEPA 03: Waste management. Estimates were made for the years 2000-2008 based on total subsidies to local authorities for waste management.

ReHeat Deployment Scheme
The ReHeat Deployment programme aimed to increase the deployment of renewable heating technologies (e.g. solar thermal, bio-energy and heat pump) in the commercial and industrial sectors. This SEAI programme closed in 2011 and is classified under CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Renewable Energy Educational Support
This SEAI programme provided information to Irish organisations interested in using renewable energy sources for energy production. It ran from 2005 to 2008 and is allocated to CReMA 13A: Production of energy from renewable resources.

Renewable Energy Information Office (REIO)/Electricity and Heat Infrastructure
The REIO and the Electricity and Heat Infrastructure grants both formed part of SEAI’s Alternative Energy programme and are classified under CReMA 13A: Production of energy from renewable resources.

Renewable Energy RD&D
The Renewable Energy Research, Development and Demonstration programme was launched by the SEAI in 2001. It is a capital grant programme and is classified as CReMA 13A: Production of energy from renewable resources.

REPS (Rural Environment Protection Scheme)
REPS was an agri-environment scheme that closed in 2015. It was co-funded by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and the EU and subsidised farming practices that were compatible with the protection of biodiversity. It is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

Research Stimulus Fund
The Research Stimulus Fund (RSF) provides funding to Irish research institutes for 'public good' agricultural production related research. A number of environmental protection research projects are funded under the RSF, which is run by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. The programme is assigned to CEPA 08: Environmental research and development.

Rural Wastewater Programme (Capital)
The Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government funds capital investment in rural wastewater facilities through the Rural Water Programme. The programme is assigned to CEPA 02: Wastewater management.

Salmon Conservation Fund
This programme for the rehabilitation of salmon stocks is funded through salmon fishing licences and prioritises rivers in special areas of conservation which have the greatest prospect of recovery. It is run by Inland Fisheries Ireland and is assigned to CReMA 12: Management of Wild Flora and Fauna.

Salmon Hardship Scheme
BIM ran this compensation scheme for drift-net salmon fishermen from 2007-2009. It is classified under the resource management domain CReMA 12: Management of Wild Flora and Fauna.

Schools/Education Programme
The SEAI runs energy workshops in schools throughout Ireland under this programme which is classified as a current transfer under CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management.

Sea Fisheries Protection Authority (fisheries conservation)
Capital grants for the Conservation and Management of Fisheries were made by the Department of the Marine and Natural Resources up to and including 2006, with some of the expenditure being recouped from the EU. In 2007 the Sea Fisheries Protection Authority took over the role. The programme is classified under the resource management domain CReMA 12: Management of wild flora and fauna.

Seafood Environmental Management Programme Part A
The Seafood Environmental Management & Certification Grant Aid Scheme encourages the implementation of a Seafood Environmental Management System (SEMS) on Irish fishing vessels. Part A involves financial payments to fishing collectives. The programme is run by BIM and is co-funded by the European Fisheries Fund. It is classified under the resource management domain CReMA 12: Management of Wild Flora and Fauna.

Seafood Environmental Management Programme Part B
Part B of this scheme concerns financial assistance to fishing vessel owners (operators). See Part A above for further details.

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
This current transfer is paid from the national Environment Fund. It is a contribution by government to an international organisation and is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 01: Protection of ambient air and climate.

Stop Food Waste Programme
In 2009 the EPA launched the Stop Food Waste programme aimed at food waste prevention and home composting. Data for 2011-2015 were provided by the EPA while estimates were made for 2009-2010. The programme is classified as a social transfer in kind CEPA 03: Waste management.

Street Cleaning (Local Authorities)
The Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government subsidises street cleaning by local authorities across Ireland. This funding is assigned to the domain CEPA 03: Waste management. Estimates were made for the years 2000-2008 based on total subsidies to local authorities for waste management.

STRIVE (Sustainable Technology, Research and Innovation for the Environment) Research Programme
The EPA followed up the ERTDI research programme with STRIVE in 2007. It is classified under CEPA 08: Environmental research and development and CReMA 15: Research and development activities for resource management. The funding was distributed evenly between the classes.

Sustainable Fisheries Scheme
This programme is run by BIM and is co-funded by the European Fisheries Fund. It is classified under CReMA 12: Management of Wild Flora and Fauna.

Traditional Buildings Scheme
The Traditional Buildings Scheme is funded by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and is available to farmers participating in GLAS (see above). It is classified under CEPA 06: Protection of biodiversity and landscape.

UN Environment Fund
The annual contribution by government to the UN Environment Fund is a current transfer paid from the national Environment Fund. It is classified under the environmental class CEPA 09: Other environmental protection activities.

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
This annual contribution by government to an international organisation is a current transfer paid from the national Environment Fund. It is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 01: Protection of ambient air and climate.

Vehicle Registration Tax Relief on Electric Vehicles
This scheme was introduced to promote the use of electric vehicles, thereby reducing air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector. It is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 01: Protection of ambient air and climate.

Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer
This ongoing annual contribution by government to an international organisation is a current transfer paid from the Environment Fund. It is classified under the environmental domain CEPA 01: Protection of ambient air and climate.

Warmer Homes Scheme
The Warmer Homes scheme began in 2001. This SEAI programme supports energy efficiency improvements to privately owned homes experiencing fuel poverty and is classified as a social transfer in kind under CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management. It was partially included for its environmental objectives through the application of a coefficient.

Warmth and Wellbeing Scheme
The SEAI Warmth and Wellbeing Scheme aims to make homes warmer and healthier to live in. It does this by providing extensive energy efficiency upgrades to those in energy poverty who are living with chronic respiratory conditions. It is classified as a social transfer in kind under CReMA 13B: Heat/Energy saving and management. It was partially included for its environmental objectives through the application of a coefficient.

Waste Collection Services (Local Authorities)
The Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government subsidises waste collection services by local authorities across Ireland. This funding is assigned to the domain CEPA 03: Waste management. Estimates were made for the years 2000-2008 based on total subsidies to local authorities for waste management.

Waste Management Planning and Regulations (Local Authorities)
The Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government subsidises waste regulation, monitoring and enforcement activities and waste management planning activities by local authorities across Ireland. This funding is assigned to CEPA 03: Waste management. Estimates were made for the years 2000-2008 based on total subsidies to local authorities for waste management.

Waste Processing Facilities Scheme
The waste processing facilities scheme provides capital grants to farmers to invest in on-farm anaerobic digestion facilities. The funding is provided by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and is classified as CEPA 03: Waste management.

Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Local Authorities)
The Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government subsidises the operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment facilities by local authorities across Ireland. This funding is assigned to the domain CEPA 02: Wastewater management. Estimates were made for the years 2000-2008 based on total subsidies to local authorities for wastewater management.

Water Services Investment Programme (Wastewater)
The Water Services Investment Programme (WSIP) was run by the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government up to and including 2013 with the objective of funding major capital water and wastewater schemes. As water treatment and water quality are mainly health issues the part of the WSIP that relates to water schemes is not included here. The portion that relates to wastewater management is included under CEPA 02: Wastewater management.

Whitefish Fleet Decommissioning Scheme
The whitefish fleet decommissioning scheme ran from 2005-2010 and was a compensation programme funded by the EU and the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. The objective of the scheme was to improve the management of fish stocks so the programme is assigned to CReMA 12: Management of Wild Flora and Fauna. The EU and national contributions were estimated for the years 2008-2009 based on the figures from later years.

Potentially Environmentally Damaging Subsidies

Certain subsidies or other support measures that have social or economic objectives may incentivise behaviour that could be damaging to the environment. For example, transport fuel tax rebates encourage the consumption of fossil fuels. Such transfers are referred to as potentially environmentally damaging subsidies (PEDS). The CSO is developing a new, separate release on PEDS.

[1] United Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012 Central Framework: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev/SEEA_CF_Final_en.pdf

[2] System of National Accounts 2008: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/sna2008.asp

[3] European System of Accounts 2010: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/esa-2010

[4] http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:192:0001:0016:EN:PDF

[5] A similar system is used by the UN, OECD and the EU as described here: https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/public-environment-climate/minisite/tools-and-methods/short-guide-use-rio-markers

[6] http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nomenclatures/index.cfm?TargetUrl=LST_NOM_DTL&StrNom=NACE_REV2

[7] http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm

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