While the last release in this series was titled Measuring Ireland’s Progress 2023, users should note there has been no break in the series. This latest release, Measuring Ireland’s Progress 2026, continues the series and the title reflects the year of publication. For each indicator, the latest available data is presented.
The population estimates to April 2026 are calculated by the CSO using the usually resident 2022 data from the Census of Population as a baseline. The population concept of usual residence is used, i.e. all persons usually resident and present in the State on census night plus absent people who are usually resident in Ireland but are temporarily away from home and outside the State on census night. It should be noted that those people from households that were fully temporarily absent outside the state on Census night are included in the 2022 data for the first time. As this group has not been included in the Population and Migration Estimates until 2022, the additivity of population change components has been impacted between 2021 and 2022. More information is available in the Population & Migration Estimates April 2026 report.
CSO population estimates relate to the population at the end of April of the given year.
The Eurostat population figures are based on population estimates for each country on 1 January of the given year - therefore they differ from the CSO population estimates presented in Table 1.1 which relate to the population at the end of April of the given year. This also impacts on the population change figures.
Emigration refers to persons resident in Ireland leaving to live abroad for over one year.
Immigration refers to persons coming to Ireland from another country for the purposes of taking up residence for over one year.
Net migration is the net effect of emigration and immigration on a country’s population in a given time period, i.e., the number of immigrants less emigrants.
The natural increase is the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths recorded over a period.
Country of origin refers to a pearson’s previous country of residence.
EU14 excl Irl refers to those EU member states before enlargement on 1 May 2004 (excluding Ireland and the United Kingdom); namely Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Portugal.
EU15 to EU27 is defined as the ten accession countries who joined the EU on 1 May 2004 (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia), along with Bulgaria and Romania who joined on 1 January 2007 and Croatia who joined on 1 July 2013.
More information is available in the Population & Migration Estimates April 2026 report.
The young age dependency ratio is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the population aged between 0 and 14 years by the number of persons aged between 15 and 64 years.
The old age dependency ratio is calculated by dividing the number of persons aged 65 and over by the number of persons aged 15-64.
The young and old age dependency ratio is the sum of persons aged 0-14 and 65 and over divided by the number of persons aged 15-64.
The population data used to calculate these statistics is taken from Eurostat population figures based on population estimates for each country on 1 January of the given year.
The total fertility rate is derived by adding the age specific fertility rates for women in a given year. It can be interpreted as the mean number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she were to pass through her childbearing years conforming to the fertility rates by age of a given year, and surviving.
The proportion of live births outside of marriage refers to the number of live births where the mother's marital status at the time of birth is other than married as a percentage of total live births. More information is available at Eurostat Fertility Indicators. The 2024 figure for Ireland's proportion of live births outside marriage is taken from the CSO's Births Registered Within and Outside Marriage (PxStat table VSAS77). It is based on year of registration rather than year of birth, unlike figures for all other countries in the table.
The crude divorce rate is the number of divorces in a given year per 1,000 population. As Eurostat has no data on this indicator for Ireland from 2018 onwards (including 2018), the figure for Ireland for 2018 and later years is calculated using Courts Service data on the number of divorces each year and Eurostat's annual average population for Ireland.
The at risk of poverty rate indicator is defined as the share of persons with an equivalised disposable income below the at risk of poverty threshold, which is set at 60% of the national median equivalised disposable income (after social transfers). This share is calculated for the original income before pensions and social transfers and the original income after pensions and social transfers (total income). This indicator focuses on the relative risk of poverty in relation to the rest of the population in a country rather than the absolute risk of poverty. Hence, a person classified as in poverty in one country would not necessarily be classified as in poverty in another country if they were at the same absolute income level.
The data in Table 1.9 is obtained from the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). EU-SILC is carried out under EU legislation and commenced in Ireland in June 2003. The primary focus of the survey is the collection of information on the income and living conditions of different types of households. The survey also provides information on poverty, deprivation and social exclusion.
For Table 1.9, the EU definition of income is used. The key differences between the national and EU definitions of income are:
For EU at risk of poverty rates, the equivalised disposable income for each person is calculated as the household total net income (after tax and other deductions) divided by the equivalised household size according to the modified OECD scale (which gives a weight of 1.0 to the first adult, 0.5 to the second and each subsequent person aged 14 and over who are living in the household and 0.3 to each child aged less than 14).
In Tables 1.10 to 1.12 the national equivalence scale and definition of income are used to calculate at risk of poverty rates. The national equivalence scale used to obtain the equivalised household size attributes a weight of 1 to the first adult in a household, 0.66 to each subsequent adult (aged 14+ living in the household) and 0.33 to each child aged less than 14. The purpose of an equivalence scale is to account for the size and composition of different income units (households) and therefore allows for a more accurate comparison between households. However, numerous scales have been developed, and there is no real consensus as regards the most appropriate scale to use. For EU purposes, the modified OECD scale has been accepted to allow comparison across countries. At a national level, the alternative national scale has been used in the past in the calculation of relative poverty and consistent poverty rates, and thus, is used for retrospective comparison nationally.
For all tables, the population consists of all the persons living in private households in a country. The term person therefore includes all the members of the households, whether they are adults or children.
In the EU-SILC, income details and household composition are collected for all households. Where income is missing, it is imputed based on industry and occupation.
More information on national definitions can be found at CSO Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC).
The consistent poverty measure considers those persons who are defined as being at risk of poverty (using the national income definition and equivalence scale) and assesses the extent to which this group may be excluded and marginalised from participating in activities which are considered the norm for other people in society. The identification of the marginalised or deprived is achieved on the basis of a set of eleven basic deprivation indicators:
An individual is defined as being in consistent poverty if they are:
Note that it is enforced deprivation that is relevant in this context. For example, a household may not have a roast dinner once a week. The household is classified as deprived of this basic indicator only if the reason they didn’t have the basic indicator was because they could not afford it.
Total annual earnings represent the total gross annual amount (before deduction of tax, PRSI and superannuation) payable by the enterprise to its employees. This information is obtained from employee tax data provided by the Revenue Commissioners. It includes bonuses and benefit in kind (BIK). It excludes pension payments and severance payments.
Weekly earnings are calculated by dividing the gross annual earnings by the number of weeks worked.
For years 2011-2018 the employee tax data came from employer end of year returns, P35, submitted to Revenue. Since 01 January 2019, Revenue has operated real-time reporting of payroll; “PAYE Modernisation" (PMOD). Employers are required to report their employees’ pay and deductions in real-time to Revenue each time they operate payroll. Information is provided to Revenue at individual payslip level. Earnings Analysis using Administrative Data Sources (EAADS) analysis from 2019 onwards is based on the more detailed employee tax data provided by Revenue’s PMOD system. For more details, please visit CSO EAADS release.
The unadjusted gender pay gap is published by Eurostat and represents the difference between average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees and of female paid employees as a percentage of average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees. From reference year 2006 onwards, the gender pay gap is based on the methodology of the EU Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) which is carried out with a four-yearly periodicity. The values for 2014, 2018, and 2022 are hence based on the SES. For the intermediate years, values are based on national estimates using national sources, with the same coverage as the SES. Countries provide Eurostat gender pay gap estimates benchmarked on the SES results. The target population consists of all paid employees in enterprises with 10 employees or more in NACE rev.2 aggregate B to S (excluding O). This covers all economic sectors except for agriculture, forestry and fishing, public administration and defence, compulsory social security, activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods and services producing activities of households for own use and activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies. Eurostat figures for Ireland reproduced here will not match the figures published in the CSO's SES data, as the CSO SES release also includes data from NACE Rev. 2 Sector O and enterprises with fewer than 10 employees.
Official development assistance, or foreign aid, consists of grants, loans, technical assistance and other forms of co-operation extended by governments to developing countries. The OECD maintains a list of over 140 countries and territories that are eligible to receive assistance. These consist of all low- and middle-income countries as defined by the World Bank. The list also includes all of the Least Developed Countries as defined by the United Nations (UN). It is reviewed every three years by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and the last review took place in 2023. A significant proportion of official development assistance is aimed at promoting sustainable development in poorer countries, particularly through natural resource conservation, environmental protection and population programmes.
The United Nations set a target for donor countries to provide net Official Development Assistance (ODA) equal to 0.7% of their Gross National Income (GNI).
The ODA figures include eligible first-year in-donor costs for hosting refugees, including temporary sustenance (shelter, food and training). Since Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022, Ireland has provided refuge for over 100,000 Ukrainian people. The percentage of GNI with and without these costs is included for 2022 onwards.
As of October 2026, the 2025 figures published in Table 1.15 are marked as preliminary at OECD ODA (source).
Household internet access refers to the possibility for anyone in a household to access the internet from home. All forms of internet use are included. The population considered is aged 16 to 74. Households covered are private households with at least one member in the age group 16 to 74 years. Data is survey-based and collected for Eurostat by national statistical institutions. Data for Ireland for 2021 and 2022 is from the CSO Internet Coverage and Usage in Ireland reports. This relates to private households with at least one member aged 16+.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the central aggregate of National Accounts. GDP represents the total value added (output) in the production of goods and services in the country. GDP at market prices is the final result of the production activity of resident producer units. GDP is compiled both in constant prices and in current prices. Constant price data indicate the development of volumes, while current price data reflect volume and price movements. Real GDP growth is a measurement of GDP growth in constant prices to exclude the impact of price changes.
GDP expressed at market prices equals gross value added at factor cost plus national taxes on production less national subsidies on production.
GDP less net primary incomes from abroad less EU taxes plus EU subsidies is equal to Gross National Income (GNI).
Gross National Product (GNP) is the sum of GDP and Net Factor Income (NFI). NFI from the rest of the world is the difference between investment income (interest, profits, etc.) and labour income earned abroad by Irish resident persons and companies (inflows) and similar incomes earned in Ireland by non-residents (outflows). Because NFI is the difference between two large gross flows, its magnitude can fluctuate greatly from one quarter to another. This can lead to significant differences between the GDP and GNP growth rate for the same quarter.
Gross National Income (GNI) is equal to Gross National Product (GNP) plus EU subsidies less EU taxes.
Net National Income (NNI) is equal to GNI less provision for depreciation.
According to the CSO’s National Accounts for 2015, GDP grew by 24.6% between 2014 and 2015. The scale of this increase is unprecedented in OECD economies historically. The National Accounts results accurately captured and highlighted the open and globalised nature of the Irish economy. However, due to the highly globalised nature of the Irish economy, GDP and GNP do not always help to understand what is happening in the Irish economy. Notwithstanding the fact that the CSO will continue to comply with international data standards for compiling and reporting GDP and GNP, due to the highly globalised nature of the Irish economy and the continuing challenges that this presents, the CSO convened a high-level cross-sector consultative group, the Economic Statistics Review Group (ESRG), in September 2016. The ESRG examined how best to provide insight and understanding of all aspects of the Irish economy. The report of this group, along with the CSO’s response to the report, have been published on the CSO website. This expert group made 13 recommendations including the development of a new level indicator, modified Gross National Income, (or GNI*).
Modified Gross National Income (GNI*) is defined in the ESRG recommendations as GNI less the impact of re-domiciled companies and the depreciation attributable to relocated capital assets. GNI* is designed to be a national indicator that excludes the globalisation effects that disproportionately affect the measurement of the size of the Irish economy.
The results for modified GNI (GNI*) published annually by the CSO focuses on excluding the impact of re-domiciled companies and the depreciation of intellectual property products and of leased aircraft from GNI. The table below from CSO Annual National Accounts 2025 shows GDP and the transition from GNI to modified GNI (or GNI*).
National accounts are compiled in the EU according to the European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA) framework. In 2014 the new ESA 2010 framework replaced the ESA 95 version. GDP and GNI are now calculated using ESA2010 by both Eurostat and the CSO. The growth rate in GDP is the measurement of the volume changes in GDP, i.e., percentage changes in GDP in constant prices. Thus, the growth rate is not affected by changes in prices.
Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) are a weighted average of relative price ratios in respect to a homogeneous basket of goods and services, both comparable and representative for each country. They show the ratio of the prices in national currency of the same goods or services in different countries. The application of PPPs eliminates the effects of differences in price levels between countries which allows volume comparisons of GDP components and comparisons of price levels.
Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) are an artificial common reference currency used in the EU to eliminate differences in purchasing power, or price levels, between countries. They are fixed in a way that makes the average purchasing power of one euro in the European Union equal to one PPS. Hence one PPS buys the same average volume of goods and services in all countries. Economic volume aggregates in PPS are obtained by dividing their original value in national currency units by the respective PPPs.
The population of a country consists of all persons, national or foreign, who are permanently settled in the economic territory of the country on a particular date, even if they are temporarily absent from it (see also population domain definitions). GDP per capita is calculated by dividing GDP by the population.
GDP per capita in PPS allows the comparison of levels of economic activity of different sized economies (per capita) irrespective of their price levels (in PPS). It is less suited for comparisons over time.
Eleven countries joined the euro (€) on 1 January 1999: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Greece joined on 1 January 2001, Slovenia on 1 January 2007, Cyprus and Malta on 1 January 2008, Slovakia on 1 January 2009, Estonia on 1 January 2011, Latvia on 1 January 2014 and Lithuania on 1 January 2015 bringing the total number of euro members to 19 countries. Data relating to this Eurozone 19 grouping is shown as Eurozone - 19 countries (2015-2022). In 2023 Croatia joined the Eurozone bringing the total number of countries to 20. Data relating to this Eurozone 20 grouping is shown as Eurozone 20 countries (from 2023). Data relating to the Eurozone 21 countries (from 2026) include Eurozone 20 countries plus Bulgaria, which adopted the euro on 1 January 2026.
General government consolidated gross debt at nominal value is the standardised measure of indebtedness of EU governments. The general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, local government, and social security funds. The debt of commpuercial State companies/public corporations is excluded. It takes account of all liabilities included in the traditional national definition of National Debt, without any offsetting of liquid assets, together with the liabilities of non-commercial State agencies and Local Authorities.
Debt is valued at nominal (face) value, and foreign currency debt is converted into national currency using end-year market exchange rates.
GDP at current market prices is used as the denominator for calculating the General Government Consolidated Debt as a percentage of GDP ratio.
GNI at current market prices is used as the denominator for calculating the General Government Consolidated Debt as a percentage of GNI ratio.
Public balance (or General Government balance) measures the difference between incomes and outlays of the General Government. It refers to the concept of general government net borrowing (negative balance) or net lending (positive balance) in the European System of Accounts.
General Government total expenditure is composed of public sector pay and pensions, social benefits and other transfer payments, expenditure on goods and services, national debt interest and subsidies. It is one of the elements of the public balance.
Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) is an indicator of investment in assets such as building and construction, and machinery and equipment. Such investment is generally regarded as leading to higher productivity and an improved living infrastructure. GFCF is a component of GDP.
GDP valued at current market prices is used as a denominator.
The Balance of Payments accounts consist of three tables or accounts: the Current account; the Capital account; and the Financial account.
The Current account consists of trade in merchandise and services, as well as primary and secondary income account inflows and outflows. For all these transactions, the balance of payments registers the value of credits (exports) and debits (imports). A positive balance – a current account surplus – shows that an economy is earning more from its international exports transactions than it is spending abroad from import transactions with other economies and is therefore a net creditor towards the rest of the world. The main methodological reference used for the production of the balance of payments statistics is the sixth balance of payments manual (BPM6) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Goods and services incorporate both merchandise exports and imports and services exports and imports.
Merchandise trade refers to Ireland’s external trade in goods with other countries. The data sources for these estimates are a combination of customs-based non-EU trade statistics and the Revenue Commissioners Intrastat survey of Irish traders engaged in trade with other EU Member States.
Services exports and imports include transport, tourism and travel, communications, insurance and financial services, computer services, royalties and licences, and some business and other services.
The valuation of goods and services is based on Balance of Payments principles. In the official external trade statistics, exports and imports are valued at cost, insurance and freight. In Balance of Payments, they are valued free on board.
The EU Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) is calculated in each Member State. HICPs are designed to allow the comparisons of consumer price trends in the different EU countries. The index measures the change in the average level of prices (inclusive of all indirect taxes) paid for consumer goods and services by all private households in a country and by all foreign visitors to that country. Under the revised COICOP framework (ECOICOP ver. 2), the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) has been rescaled, with the base year updated from 2015 to 2025.
HICPs were designed specifically for EMU convergence. They are calculated according to a harmonised approach and a regulated set of definitions. They were not intended to replace existing national Consumer Price Indices, which are calculated based on national definitions.
Comparative price levels use price level indices to compare countries' price levels relative to the EU average with the use of purchasing power standards to allow meaningful comparisons between countries. If the index of the comparative price level shown for a country is higher than 100, the country concerned is relatively expensive as compared with the EU average. If it is lower than 100, the country is relatively cheap compared with the EU average. The price levels shown are for final household expenditure including direct taxes and are based on price surveys covering more than 2,000 consumer goods and services.
The primary classification used for the Labour Force Survey (LFS) results is the ILO (International Labour Organisation) labour force classification.
The ILO classification distinguishes the following main subgroups of the population aged 15 or over:
In Employment: Persons who worked in the week before the survey for one hour or more for payment or profit, including work on the family farm or business and all persons who had a job but were not at work because of illness, holidays etc. in the week. It should be noted that as per Eurostat's operational implementation, the upper age limit for classifying a person as employed is 89 years.
Unemployed: Persons who, in the week before the survey, were without work and available for work within the next two weeks, and had taken specific steps, in the preceding four weeks, to find work. It should be noted that as per Eurostat's operational implementation, the upper age limit for classifying a person as unemployed is 74 years.
The labour force comprises persons employed plus persons unemployed and based on Eurostat's operational implementation is limited to those aged 15-89 years.
The inactive population is all other persons in the population who are not part of the labour force.
The employment rate for the State is defined as the share of persons in the total population aged 15-64 years who are in employment.
GDP in PPS per hour worked is calculated using the total number of hours worked. Measuring labour productivity per hour worked provides a better picture of productivity developments in the economy than labour productivity per person employed, as it eliminates differences in the full-time/part-time composition of the workforce across countries and years. If the index of a country is higher than 100, this country’s level of GDP per hour worked is higher than the EU average and vice versa. Basic figures are expressed in PPS; see section above on tables 2.1 to 2.4 for details of PPS.
For Ireland excluding Foreign Sector, labour productivity is calculated only for the Domestic and Other Sector in order to exclude the effects of foreign multinational corporations. As part of the Annual National Accounts 2022, a small number of NACE Rev.2 divisions were reclassified between the Foreign Owned Multinational Enterprise sector and the combined Other section based on the 85% turnover threshold. See CSO release Annual National Accounts 2022 for more information.
The unemployment rate is the number of people (aged 15-74) unemployed as a percentage of the labour force.
The long-term unemployment rate is calculated as the number of persons unemployed for one year or more expressed as a percentage of the total labour force.
The indicator "People aged 18 - 59 years living in jobless households" is calculated as the share of persons aged 18 - 59 who are living in households where no one works. Students aged 18 - 24 who live in households composed solely of students of the same age class are not included. The indicator is based on the EU Labour Force Survey.
The Residential Property Price Index (RPPI) measures the change in average price levels of residential properties sold in Ireland. The RPPI excludes non-household purchases, non-market purchases and self-builds (i.e. where the land is purchased separately). Data for the RPPI is primarily sourced from stamp duty returns, and is then matched to the Building Energy Rating (BER) data and the GeoDirectory. The index is set at base year 2015 and all subsequent price movements are expressed relative to this base. The values shown in this release relate to the RPPI annual value.
The New Dwelling Completions series measures the number of new, recently constructed dwellings, where a dwelling is a self-contained unit of living accommodation. Dwellings are broken into three categories: single (a single domestic dwelling or farm premises), scheme (a new multi-unit development with two or more houses), and apartments (a new multi-unit development with two or more apartments). The primary data source used for the New Dwellings Completions series is the ESB domestic connections dataset, which is then matched with Building Energy Rating (BER) data.
Net greenhouse gas emissions show trends in anthropogenic emissions of the greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and three halocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), weighted by their global warming potentials. The figures are given in CO2 equivalents.
The Paris Agreement was the first-ever universal, legally binding global climate change agreement, adopted at the Paris climate conference (COP21) in December 2015. The EU and its member states including Ireland are among its signatories. The Agreement seeks to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to under 2oC and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5oC. The EU had an initial commitment under the Paris Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030, but the EU's Climate Target Plan 2030 subsequently upgraded this to at least 55% by 2030 for the EU as a whole and its member states.
Data are expressed in relation to an index reference year (1990 or base year=100), original data refers to Gigagramme (Gg) = thousand tonnes of CO2 equivalent, and as a per capita figure, as calculated by the CSO. The data presented refer to national emissions, excluding those from both LULUCF (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry activities), and from memo items excluded from national totals including international aviation and marine bunkers. Emissions per capita are calculated using Eurostat annual average population figures.
The three main Greenhouse gases included in this release are carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). As greenhouse gas emissions from human activities increase, they build up in the atmosphere and warm the climate. Because many of the major greenhouse gases stay in the atmosphere for tens to hundreds of years after being released, their warming effects on the climate persist over a long time and can therefore affect both present and future generations.
CO2 emissions are the result of burning fossil fuels such as coal, turf and petroleum for heat, power and transportation. Industrial processes such as cement and lime production also emit CO2.
N2O (Nitrous oxide) emissions arise from nitrogen fertilisers used in agriculture and a small amount of industrial processes.
CH4 emissions are caused by the digestive systems of ruminant animals, waste water treatment plants and landfill sites.
There are other greenhouse gases: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6). The emissions from these gases are estimated to comprise around one per cent (in terms of CO2 equivalent) of the total greenhouse gas emissions for Ireland and are included in the total of greenhouse gases in Table 3.2. Both HFCs and PFCs comprise several individual gases, which have separate global warming potential conversion factors.
Global warming potentials can be used to convert the emissions of individual gases into CO2 equivalents. The global warming potential of each gas takes account of the fact that different gases remain in the atmosphere for differing lengths of time. The conversion factors for the three main greenhouse gases are:
CO2 equivalents per tonne of gas emitted.
| Emitted gas | Global warming potential over 100 years |
|---|---|
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) | 1 |
| Methane (CH4) | 28 |
| Nitrous oxide (N2O) | 265 |
The pollutants of most concern for urban air quality are particulate matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide and, to a lesser extent, ozone. Information on measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 reported by the Environmental Protection Agency are presented in this report.
PM10 are described as particles with a diameter of 10 microns or less. These are very small particles which can penetrate deep into the respiratory tract. Inhalation of these particles can increase the risk, frequency and severity of respiratory and cardiopulmonary disorders. PM10 in the atmosphere can result from direct emissions (primary PM10) or from emissions of gaseous precursors (oxides of nitrogen, sulphur dioxide and ammonia) which are transformed by chemical reaction in the atmosphere (secondary PM10).
The main sources of anthropogenic PM10 in Ireland are the combustion of solid fuels for domestic heating and road traffic, in particular, emissions from diesel engines. Other particulates sources include dust from roads, industrial emissions, agricultural related activities and natural substances such as windblown sea salt.
The indicator target and limit values, as set in EU legislation, are as follows:
The new Directive (EU) 2024/2881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe changed the limit value of PM10 to 45 μg /m3 not to be exceeded on more than 18 days per calendar year. This limit needs to be attained by 2030.
In Dublin, the annual average PM10 values for 2024 are listed for Winetavern Street as a representative station. In Cork the data is from Heatherton Park in 2014 and Southlink Road from 2015-22, and from Bishopstown MTU in 2023-2024. The category “other towns” comprises Athlone, Carlow, Dundalk, Ennis, Kilkenny, Letterkenny, Limerick, Navan, Tralee and Waterford. These are towns located in Zone C, (population greater than 15,000), and either have current monitoring in situ or have been assessed previously. In general, towns with similar population and with simailar source effects from transport, industry and domestic heating tend to show similar air quality profiles. The data for “other towns” is reported from Ennis from 2014-2024. Values represent measurement from a single air quality zone. Ambient air examples of select stations are not representative of entire zones. A full description of EPA zones can be found at the EPA website.
The main source of PM10 emissions in 2024 was industry and details of this can be found in the CSO Environmental Accounts Air Emissions 2024 report.
PM2.5 or fine particulate matter, is particle pollution made of a mixture of solids and liquids of size 2.5 μm or less. It is composed of a number of varying components depending on its source. These can include acids such as nitrates and sulphates, VOCs, metals and soil or dust particles. This PM2.5 can be emitted directly into the atmosphere or can be formed secondarily. For example, sulphate particles are formed by the chemical reaction of SO2 in the atmosphere after its release from power plants or industrial facilities. The dominant source of PM2.5 is domestic solid fuel combustion and it is considered a better indicator of man-made particulate matter than PM10. All observed concentrations were below the EU limit value of 25 μg /m3 but concentrations were observed at several stations which were above the more stringent annual World Health Organisation (WHO) air quality guideline values. It is estimated that there are approximately 1,700 premature deaths annually in Ireland due to poor air quality from PM2.5 (EPA Air Quality Report, 2024).
The new Directive (EU) 2024/2881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe sets the limit value of PM2.5 to 25 μg /m3 not to be exceeded on more than 18 days per calendar year. This limit has to be attained by 2030.
The representative Dublin site monitored for PM2.5 was Rathmines and the Cork site was Heatherton Park. Ennis was the location monitored for the Towns > 15,000 and the Rural location was Longford between 2013 and 2020, and Macroom from 2021 onwards. Values represent measurement from a single air quality zone. Ambient air examples of select stations are not representative of entire zones. A full description of EPA zones can be found at the EPA website.
The main source of PM2,5 emissions in 2024 was household heating from solid fuels and details of this can be found in the CSO Environmental Accounts Air Emissions 2024 report.
Energy productivity measures the amount of economic output that is produced per unit of gross inland energy consumption and provides a picture of the degree of decoupling of energy use from growth in GDP. The gross inland consumption of energy is calculated as the sum of the gross inland consumption of five energy types: coal, electricity, oil, natural gas and renewable energy sources. Since GDP is measured in million euro and gross inland consumption in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent, energy productivity is calculated in euro per kg of oil equivalent.
Municipal waste means household waste as well as commercial and other waste that, because of its nature or composition, is similar to household waste. Municipal waste consists of three main elements – household, commercial (including non-process industrial waste), and street cleansing waste (street sweepings, street bins and municipal parks and cemeteries maintenance waste, litter campaign material and fly tipped material). Municipal waste is a part of the overall amount of waste generated (e.g. industrial process waste is not municipal waste).
Recovery of waste means any operation the principal result of which is waste serving a useful purpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfil a particular function, or waste being prepared to fulfil that function, in the plant or in the wider economy. Recovery operations include material recovery (i.e., recycling), energy recovery (i.e., use as a fuel) and biological recovery (e.g., composting). In 2017, the EPA amalgamated the material recovery and biological recovery into one statistic (recycling).
Landfill is defined as deposit on, in or under land, or specially engineered landfill, including placement into lined discrete cells which are capped and isolated from one another and the environment, or permanent storage, including emplacement of containers in a mine. The definition covers both landfill in internal sites (i.e. where a generator of waste is carrying out its own waste disposal at the place of generation) and in external sites.
Previously, for Ireland, data from 2020 to 2022 (inclusive) in Tables 3.7 and 3.8 had been calculated by the CSO using EPA municipal waste data, as these were not available for Ireland at Eurostat. However, data for these years has since become available through Eurostat and is now used instead. The 2024 data for Ireland have been calculated using figures from the EPA's waste statistics, as they are not yet available through Eurostat. For per-capita calculations, population data from the Eurostat Main population indicators were used. Note that around 33,375 tonnes or 1% of municipal waste in Ireland was unmanaged in 2024.
All UK figures have been calculated by the CSO using OECD Waste data and Eurostat population data, as they are also not available through Eurostat.
Passenger cars are road vehicles intended for the carriage of passengers and designed to seat no more than nine persons including the driver.
Inland freight transport includes transport by road, rail and inland waterway. Road transport is based on all movements of vehicles registered in the reporting country on national territory. Rail and inland waterways transport are based on movements on national territory, regardless of the nationality of the vehicle or vessel.
Electric hybrid: means a vehicle that derives its motive power from a combination of an electric motor and an internal combustion engine and is capable of being driven on electric propulsion alone for a material part of its normal driving cycle.
Plug-in electric hybrid: means a vehicle that derives its motive power from a combination of an electric motor and an internal combustion engine, where the electric motor derives its power from a battery that may be charged from the internal combustion engine and an alternating current (AC) electric mains supply and is capable of being driven on electric propulsion alone for a material part of its normal driving cycle.
The data used in this indicator is compiled by the CSO's Environment section from Irish Water. Water meters store three to four readings which are collected every three to four months using drive-by technology. This means annual data may be subject to small revisions if some data from meter readings is not collected until the following year. The data only covers metered usage, and does not include data from apartments that did not have an individual Irish Water meter, private group water schemes and abstractions from wells. The 2022 results are based on 783,606 meters.
The median figure is the middle value in a sorted list of values arranged from smallest to largest. The difference between the average (mean) and the median gives an indication of the extent of high consumption as the median is less influenced by the small number of meters with very high consumption. As leaks on the household side of the meter are repaired, the difference between the mean and the median should be reduced.
A Building Energy Rating (BER) is an indication of the energy performance of a dwelling (represented in units of kWh/m2/year). Actual energy performance will depend on how the occupants operate the dwelling. A BER is based on the characteristics of major components of the dwelling including: wall, roof and floor dimensions; window and door sizes and orientations, as well as the construction type and insulation, ventilation and air tightness features; the system for heat supply (including renewable energy), distribution, and control; and the type of lighting. The BER certificate indicates the annual primary energy usage and carbon dioxide emissions associated with the provision of space heating, water heating, ventilation, lighting, and associated pumps and fans. The energy use is calculated on the basis of a notional family with a standard pattern of occupancy - hence data in this release giving average primary energy use or carbon dioxide emissions are not based on actual data. A BER only covers electricity used for heating, lighting and ventilation with associated pumps and fans. Electricity used for cooking, refrigeration, laundry and other appliance use are not included.
Since 1st January 2009, a BER certificate and advisory report is compulsory for all homes being sold or offered for rent. A BER is also required for new dwellings that apply for planning permission on or after 1st January 2007. A BER certificate is required to avail of the grants for energy-efficiency improvements to the home that are provided under the Better Energy Homes scheme.
On 24 May 2026 the Building Energy Rating (BER) scale was modified in line with new EU wide regulations under the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). The scale has been simplified from fifteen points to eight (A0, A, B, C, D, E, F, G). BERs awarded before 24 May 2026 will remain valid for ten years and are included in the tables of this release. For details, please refer to the CSO Domestic Building Energy Ratings release.
The BER rating scale is now divided into categories from G (largest primary energy usage) to an A0 rating (lowest primary energy usage, with zero fossil fuel demand and carbon emissions). The A0 category is an entirely new category for buildings that are both energy-efficient and do not produce carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. The kilowatt-hour is the unit of energy used in Dwelling Energy Assessment Procedure (DEAP). The BER is measured in kWh per square meter of floor area of the dwelling per year (kWh/m2/year).
A dwelling may have had more than one BER carried out but data in this indicator only include the latest BER published for each dwelling for the period January 2009 to the second quarter of 2026.
Current public expenditure on education refers to gross voted current expenditure on education programmes from first to third level by the Department of Education and Youth which has responsibility for first and second level school education, and also had responsibility for third level education, prior to the establishment of the Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science (DFHERIS) in mid-2020 which then took responsibility for the third level sector and further education. Expenditure not allocated by level is excluded from the total.
Post Leaving Certificate (PLC) figures, which were previously reported as a combined figure with second-level, will be reported separately from reference year 2021 onwards in Measuring Ireland’s Progress release. This is because the source of PLC funding has changed from the Department of Education to DFHERIS, meaning second-level and PLC funding sources have diverged.
Non-capital public expenditure on education includes direct public expenditure on educational institutions, public subsidies to other private entities for education matters and public subsidies to households such as scholarships and loans to students for tuition fees and student living costs. Educational institutions are defined as entities that provide instructional services to individuals or education-related services to individuals and other educational institutions.
The first level sector here relates to primary schools aided by the Department of Education and Youth. The second level sector comprises secondary (or post-primary), vocational, community and comprehensive schools aided by the Department of Education and Youth. The Post Leaving Certificate (PLC) programme is a full-time programme for young people who have completed their Leaving Certificate and adults returning to education. PLC courses are mostly provided in vocational schools with some provision in voluntary, secondary and community and comprehensive schools (source: Post Leaving Certificate (PLC)). PLC was previously funded by the Department of Education; however, post-2019, PLC funding has changed to DFHERIS, and expenditure figures will be reported separately from second level from reference year 2021 onwards.
The third level sector relates to higher education. Estimation of full-time equivalent enrolments at third level is accomplished through the weighting of subtypes of enrolments by delivery mode. Third level enrolments include all enrolments at ISCED levels 5 to 8 (NFQ levels 6-10) at higher education institutions whose enrolments are reported by the Higher Education Authority (HEA).
Current public expenditure consists of exchequer spend on: Department pay and other overheads; salaries & superannuation; grants and services; school transport; certain capital expenditure (including on PhD programmes); and student supports.
The data includes students in institutions aided by the Department of Education and Youth or Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science (DFHERIS). The primary level data includes pupils in all first level school programmes, and the secondary level data includes pupils enrolled in second level schools.
Data on third level student numbers has been revised compared to previous releases to include distance, e-learning and in-service students. The Higher Education Authority introduced this revision to reflect the fact that these modes of study have become increasingly prevalent. The revision has been applied to all years of data shown.
The 2011 version of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 11) is used in tables 4.3, 4.4, and 4.7 and incorporates 8 levels of education:
ISCED 11 level 0 - Early childhood education: Programmes at this level are typically designed with a holistic approach to support children’s early cognitive, physical, social and emotional development and introduce young children to organized instruction outside to the family context. ISCED level 0 refers to those early childhood programmes that have an intentional education component. These programmes aim to develop socio-emotional skills necessary for participation in school and society and to develop some of the skills needed for academic readiness and to prepare them for entry to primary education.
ISCED 11 level 1 - Primary: Programmes at this level are typically designed to provide students with fundamental skills in reading, writing and mathematics (i.e., literacy and numeracy), and to establish a sound foundation for learning and understanding of core areas of knowledge, personal and social development, preparing for lower secondary education. It focuses on learning at a basic level of complexity with little if any specialisation.
ISCED 11 level 2 - Lower Secondary: Programmes at this level are typically designed to build upon the learning outcomes from ISCED level 1. Usually the educational aim is to lay the foundation for lifelong learning and human development on which education systems may systematically expand further educational opportunities. Some education systems may already offer vocational education programmes at ISCED level 2 to provide individuals with skills relevant to employment.
ISCED 11 level 3 – Upper Secondary: Programmes at this level are typically designed to complete secondary education in preparation for tertiary education, or to provide skills relevant to employment, or both.
ISCED 11 level 4 – Post-Secondary Non-Tertiary: Post-secondary non-tertiary education provides learning experiences building on secondary education and preparing for labour market entry as well as tertiary education. It aims at the individual acquisition of knowledge, skills and competencies below the high level of complexity characteristic of tertiary education. Programmes at ISCED level 4 are typically designed to provide individuals who completed ISCED level 3 with non-tertiary qualifications that they require for progression to tertiary education for employment when their ISCED level 3 qualification does not grant such access.
ISCED 11 level 5 – Short-Cycle Tertiary: Programmes at this level are often designed to provide participants with professional knowledge, skills and competencies. Typically, they are practically based, occupationally specific and prepare students to enter the labour market. However, programmes may also provide a pathway to other tertiary education programmes. Academic tertiary education programmes below the level of a bachelor programme or equivalent are also classified as ISCED level 5.
ISCED 11 level 6 – Bachelor or equivalent: Programmes at this level are often designed to provide participants with intermediate academic and/or professional knowledge, skills and competencies, leading to a first degree or equivalent qualification. Programmes at this level are typically theoretically based but may include practical components and are informed by state of the art research and/or best professional practice. They are traditionally offered by universities and equivalent tertiary educational institutions.
ISCED 11 level 7 – Master or equivalent: Programmes at this level are often designed to provide participants with advanced academic and/or professional knowledge, skills and competencies, leading to a second degree or equivalent qualification. Programmes at this level may have a substantial research component, but do not yet lead to the award of a doctoral qualification. Typically, programmes at this level are theoretically based but may include practical components anda are informed by state of the art research and/or best professional practice. They are traditionally offered by universities and other tertiary educational institutions.
ISCED 11 level 8 – Doctoral or equivalent: Programmes at this level are designed primarily to lead to an advanced research qualification. Programmes at this level are devoted to advanced study and original research and typically offered only by research-oriented tertiary educational institutions such as universities. Doctoral programmes exist in both academic and professional fields.
The pupil-teacher ratio is calculated by dividing the number of full-time equivalent pupils at a given level of education by the number of full-time equivalent teachers teaching at that level. Data are collected through the joint UNESCO-OECD-EUROSTAT data collection questionnaires on educational personnel. The Eurostat website contains qualifying footnotes for certain countries for data on pupil-teacher ratios. In particular note that in Ireland ISCED level 3 includes ISCED level 2 and in the United Kingdom ISCED 2 includes pupils at ISCED 3 in Secondary schools and therefore ISCED 3 only includes Vocational pupils.
The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) assesses young people’s capacity to use their knowledge and skills in order to meet real-life challenges, rather than merely examining how well the students had mastered their school curriculum. PISA assesses literacy in reading, mathematics and science. The PISA survey was first conducted in 2000 in 32 countries. Two thirds of the assessment in 2000 focused on reading literacy. The second study, conducted in 2003 in 41 countries, focused primarily on mathematical literacy while the primary focus was on science in the third study in 2006. In 2009 the primary focus was reading, in 2012 the focus was on mathematics while in 2015 the focus was on science. In 2018, the primary focus was again on reading. The 2021 PISA survey was delayed till 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and associated school closures and widespread lockdowns. Its focus was on mathematics with reading, science and creative thinking as minor areas of assessment. It was carried out in 81 participating countries and economies in 2022. In 2025, PISA introduced a new assessment focusing on 15-year olds’ computational problem-solving skills, alongside the existing assessments of reading, mathematics, and science.
Students aged between 15 years and 3 months and 16 years and 2 months at the beginning of the assessment period and who were enrolled in an educational institution were eligible to be included in the study. No distinction was made on the basis of whether they were attending full-time or part-time. More than 760,000 students in 91 countries and economies took part in the 2025 assessment. In Ireland, the study was administered in 172 schools between March and April 2025, with 6,356 students participating.
PISA scores do not have a substantive meaning as they are not physical units, such as metres or grams. Instead, they are set in relation to the variation in results observed across all test participants. There is theoretically no minimum or maximum score in PISA; rather, the results are scaled to fit approximately normal distributions, with means around 500 score points and standard deviations around 100 score points. In statistical terms, a one-point difference on the PISA scale therefore corresponds to an effect size.
The OECD average corresponds to the arithmetic mean of the respective country estimates. It was calculated for most indicators presented in this report.
The OECD total takes the OECD Member countries as a single entity, to which each country contributes in proportion to the number of 15-year-olds enrolled in its schools. It can be used to assess how an OECD Member country compares with the OECD area as a whole.
The indicator on young people neither in employment nor in education and training (NEET) corresponds to the percentage of the population of a given age group and sex who are not employed and not involved in further education or training. The numerator of the indicator refers to persons who meet the following two conditions: (a) they are not employed (i.e. unemployed or inactive according to the International Labour Organisation definition) and (b) they have not received any education or training (i.e. neither formal nor non-formal) in the four weeks preceding the survey. The denominator in the total population consists of the same age group and sex, excluding the respondents who have not answered the question 'participation in regular (formal) education and training'. Due to no answers to the variable 'participation in education and training' or 'educational attainment level', certain breakdowns of NEET rates may not exactly sum up to the overall NEET rate for a given age group and sex.
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics comprises Life sciences; Physical sciences; Mathematics and statistics; Computing; Engineering and engineering trades; Manufacturing and processing; and Architecture and building.
These indicators include tertiary graduates from public and private institutions. Tertiary education refers to International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 11) levels 5 to 8. See text above for detailed information on ISCED 11 classifications. Data on science and technology graduates are collected through the joint UNESCO-OECD-EUROSTAT data collection questionnaires on graduates.
The data on current public expenditure (i.e., excluding capital expenditure) on health care in Ireland has been sourced from the CSO release on health spending for Ireland according to the System of Health Accounts (SHA) methodology.
For the years 2011 to 2020 there were a number of revisions due to improvements in data processing. Details of these revisions are available in the System of Health Accounts 2021 Background Notes.
Separately, the expenditure per capita figures presented in table 5.1 have been deflated to real prices by using the National Accounts series for net expenditure by central and local government on current goods and services at base year 2024 from the Annual National Accounts 2025 results.
Current health care expenditure as a % of GDP in this table has been sourced from Eurostat. It includes current health care expenditure from all financing schemes, including government schemes, compulsory contributory health insurance and medical savings schemes, voluntary health insurance schemes, enterprise financing schemes and household out-of-pocket payments. Also included is current health care expenditure in Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) per capita. See the section above on tables 2.1 to 2.4 for details of PPS.
Life expectancy at birth or at age 65 is the average number of years that a person at that age can be expected to live, assuming that he or she were to pass through life subject to the age specific mortality rates of a given period.
Life expectancies in Table 5.3 are taken from the Life Tables calculated by the CSO (which are published after each Census of Population using three full years of mortality data centred around the Census year) while those in Table 5.4 are calculated by Eurostat on an annual basis. UK life expectancy data is taken from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) Single Year Life Tables.
The indicator for healthy life years (HLY) at birth measures the number of years that a person at birth is expected to live without any severe or moderate health problems and is a composite indicator derived by Eurostat that combines mortality data with health status data. It is also known as disability-free life expectancy. Data for health problems is based on a self-perceived question which aims to measure the extent of any limitations, for at least six months, from a health problem that may have affected respondents as regards activities they usually do from the annual EU-SILC survey which is carried out by national statistical bodies.
In 2020 there was a break in the time series of the CSO Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) with a number of methodological changes required under European regulations on the production of statistics on income and living conditions (Regulation 2019/1700). This included a change in the data collection period from continuously throughout the year to the first six months of the year. Eurostat also issued implementing guidelines for 38 social variables, which required standardisation of certain questions. This included a change to the question on health limitations used to derive the healthy life years indicator. The old and new questions are shown below.
2019 question:
For at least the last 6 months have you been limited in activities people usually do, because of a health problem? (If limited, specify whether strongly limited or limited).
Note: If the respondent has recently become limited because of a health problem and expects the limitation to persist for 6 months then code either 1 or 2.
2020 question (2 stage question):
Question 1:
Are you (if proxy: Is Name) limited because of a health problem in activities people usually do? Would you say you are...
Question 2 (if answered 1/2 to the above):
Have you (if proxy: Has Name) been limited for at least the past 6 months?
Based on this variable the proportions of the population in healthy (who answered “not limited at all”) and unhealthy conditions (who answered "severely limited" or “limited but not severely” are calculated by sex and age.
There were also changes to SILC sampling and weighting methods in 2020, while in March 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic also resulted in a switch from Computer-Assisted Personal Interview in respondents' homes to Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing. All of these factors may have affected results compared to previous years.
Data are sourced mainly from the CSO and Eurostat, with additional sources as indicated, including government departments, state agencies and international organisations. A full list of sources is provided in the table below. Figures shown in the Measuring Ireland's Progress release reflect data available at the time of preparation; the source tables may contain more current data.
| Indicator | Title | Data Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1.1 | Ireland: Population distribution by age group | CSO, Population and migration estimates (PxStat table PEA01) |
| 1.2 | By country: Population | Eurostat, Population on 1 January by age and sex |
| 1.3 | Ireland: Migration and natural increase | CSO, Population and migration estimates (PxStat table PEA15) |
| 1.4 | Ireland: Immigration and emigration by country of origin/destination | CSO, Population and migration estimates (PxStat table PEA18) |
| 1.5 | By country: Young and old age dependency ratios | Eurostat, Population on 1 January by age and sex |
| 1.6 | By country: Total fertility rates | Eurostat, Fertility indicators |
| 1.7 | By country: Proportion of live births outside of marriage and mean age of women at birth of first child |
Eurostat, Fertility indicators CSO, Births, Deaths and Marriages (PxStat table VSA17) The 2024 figure for Ireland's proportion of live births outside marriage is taken from the CSO's Births Registered Within and Outside Marriage (PxStat table VSAS77). |
| 1.8 | By country: Divorce rate |
Eurostat, Crude divorce rate Ireland data from 2018 on calculated from Court Services Annual Report data and Eurostat, Population change - Demographic balance and crude rates at national level |
| 1.9 | By country: At risk of poverty rates |
Eurostat, At-risk-of-poverty rate by poverty threshold, age and sex - EU-SILC and ECHP surveys |
| 1.10 | Ireland: At risk of poverty and consistent rates by age group | CSO, Survey on Income and Living Conditions (PxStat tables SIA61 and SIA77) |
| 1.11 | Ireland: At risk of poverty and consistent poverty rates by household composition | CSO, Survey on Income and Living Conditions (PxStat tables SIA64 and SIA77) |
| 1.12 | Ireland: At risk of poverty and consistent poverty rates by principal economic status | CSO, Survey on Income and Living Conditions (PxStat tables SIA62 and SIA77) |
| 1.13 | Ireland: Median weekly earnings by sex | CSO, Earnings Analysis using Administrative Data Sources |
| 1.14 | By country: Gender pay gap | Eurostat, Gender pay gap in unadjusted form |
| 1.15 | By country: Net Official Development Assistance |
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Irish Aid Annual Report OECD, Official development assistance (ODA) CSO, Annual National Accounts (PxStat Table NA001) |
| 1.16 | By country: Private households with internet access |
Eurostat, Level of internet access - households Ireland data for the year 2021 and 2022 is taken from CSO, Internet Coverage and Usage in Ireland (PxStat Table ICA172). |
| 2.1 | Ireland: GDP and GNI |
CSO, Annual National Accounts (PxStat Table NA001) CSO, Population and Migration Estimates (PxStat table PEA15) |
| 2.2 | By country: GDP and GNI at current market prices |
Eurostat Non-financial transactions – annual data. Eurostat, Gross domestic product (GDP) and main components (output, expenditure and income) - annual data UK GDP and GNI data sourced from ONS; conversion from Sterling pound to euro performed using the Eurostat Euro/ECU exchange rates – annual data table. |
| 2.3 | By country: GDP growth rates |
Eurostat, Real GDP growth rate - volume |
| 2.4 | By country: GDP per capita in PPS |
Eurostat, GDP per capita in PPS CSO, Annual National Accounts (PxStat Table NA001) |
| 2.5 | By country: General government consolidated gross debt |
Eurostat, General government gross debt CSO, Annual National Accounts (PxStat Table NA001) CSO, Government Finance Statistics (PxStat Table GFA13) |
| 2.6 | By country: Public balance |
Eurostat, Government deficit/surplus, debt and associated data CSO, Annual National Accounts (PxStat Table NA001) CSO, Government Finance Statistics (PxStat Table GFA10) Office for National Statistics (ONS), Government debt and deficit |
| 2.7 | Ireland: General government total expenditure |
CSO, Annual National Accounts (PxStat Table NA001) CSO, Government Finance Statistics (PxStat Table GFA01) |
| 2.8 | By country: Gross fixed capital formation |
Eurostat, Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) (investments). CSO, Annual National Accounts (PxStat Table NA001 and NA007) Office for National Statistics (ONS), Gross Fixed Capital Formation by Sector and Asset dataset ONS, Gross Domestic Product at market prices: Current price: Seasonally adjusted £m |
| 2.9 | By country: Current account balance |
Eurostat, Balance of payments by country - annual data (BPM6) Eurostat, Gross domestic product (GDP) and main components CSO, International Accounts (PxStat Table BPA15) CSO, Annual National Accounts (PxStat Table NA001) |
| 2.10 | By country: Exports of goods and services |
Eurostat, Balance of payments by country - annual data (BPM6) Eurostat, Gross domestic product (GDP) and main components (output, expenditure and income) - annual data CSO, Annual National Accounts (PxStat Table NA001) |
| 2.11 | By country: Imports of goods and services |
Eurostat, Balance of payments by country - annual data (BPM6) Eurostat, Gross domestic product (GDP) and main components (output, expenditure and income) - annual data CSO, Annual National Accounts (PxStat Table NA001) |
| 2.12 | By country: Harmonised index of consumer prices | Eurostat, HICP - all items - annual average indices |
| 2.13 | By country: Comparative price levels of consumer goods and services | Eurostat, Price level indices |
| 2.14 | By country: Employment rates by sex |
Eurostat, Employment rates by citizenship |
| 2.15 | By country: GDP in PPS per hour worked |
Eurostat Labour productivity per person employed and hour worked (EU27_2020=100) CSO, Productivity in Ireland (PxStat Table PIA19) CSO, Annual National Accounts (PxStat Table NA018) |
| 2.16 | By country: Unemployment rates by sex |
Eurostat, Unemployment rates by sex, age and citizenship
|
| 2.17 | By country: Long-term unemployment rates by sex | Eurostat, Long-term unemployment by sex - annual data |
| 2.18 | By country: Share of persons living in jobless households | Eurostat, Jobless households by sex |
| 2.19 | Ireland: Residential Property Price Index | CSO, Residential Property Price Index (PxStat table HPA13) |
| 2.20 | Ireland: New Dwelling Completions | CSO, New Dwelling Completions (PxStat table NDA02) |
| 3.1 | By country: Greenhouse gas emissions | Eurostat, Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector |
| 3.2 | Ireland: Greenhouse gas emissions | CSO, Environmental Accounts Air Emissions (PxStat table EAA18) |
| 3.3 | Ireland: Air pollutant emissions | CSO, Environmental Accounts Air Emissions (PxStat table EAA20) |
| 3.4 | Ireland: Particulate matter in urban areas | Environmental Protection Agency |
| 3.5 | Ireland: Annual average fine particulate matter | Environmental Protection Agency |
| 3.6 | By country: Energy productivity | Eurostat, Energy productivity |
| 3.7 | Ireland: Municipal waste generated, recovered, and landfilled |
Eurostat, Municipal waste by waste management operations Eurostat, Population change - Demographic balance and crude rates at national level |
| 3.8 | By country: Municipal waste generated and treated |
Eurostat, Municipal waste by waste management operations Municipal Waste Statistics for Ireland Eurostat, Population change - Demographic balance and crude rates at national level |
| 3.9 | By country: Passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants | Eurostat, Passenger cars - per thousand inhabitants |
| 3.10 | By country: Modal split of inland freight transport | Eurostat, Modal split of freight transport |
| 3.11 | Ireland: Number of vehicles licensed for the first time by type | CSO, Vehicle Licensing Statistics (PxStat table TEA17) |
| 3.12 | Ireland: Average Daily Domestic Metered Public Water Consumption | CSO, Domestic Metered Public Water Consumption (PxStat Table MWC01) |
| 3.13 | Ireland: Domestic Building Energy Ratings | CSO, Domestic Building Energy Ratings (PxStat Table EBQ02) |
| 4.1 | Ireland: Real current public expenditure on education | Department of Education and Youth (PxStat table EDA24) |
| 4.2 | Ireland: Number of students by level |
Department of Education and Youth (PxStat table EDA42, EDA70) |
| 4.3 | By country: Ratio of students to teachers |
OECD, Ratio of students to teaching staff by type of institution |
| 4.4 | By country: Persons aged 25-34 with third level education by sex | Eurostat, Population in private households by educational attainment level |
| 4.5 | By country: Student performance on the mathematical, reading and scientific literacy scales | OCED, Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) |
| 4.6 | By country: Young persons aged 18-24 neither in employment nor in education and training by sex | Eurostat, Young people neither in employment nor in education and training by sex, age and labour status. |
| 4.7 | By country: Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics graduates by sex | Eurostat, Graduates in tertiary education, in science, math., computing, engineering, manufacturing, construction, by sex - per 1000 of population aged 20-29. |
| 5.1 | Ireland: Current public expenditure on health care |
CSO, System of Health Accounts (PxStat table SHA07) CSO, Population and Migration Estimates (PxStat table PEA01) CSO, Annual National Accounts (PxStat tables NA001, NA007 and NA008) |
| 5.2 | By country: Total expenditure on health care as a % of GDP |
Eurostat Health Care Expenditure by Financing Scheme CSO, Annual National Accounts (PxStat table NA001) |
| 5.3 | Ireland: Life expectancy at birth and at age 65 by sex | CSO, Births, Deaths and Marriages (PxStat table VSA30) |
| 5.4 | By country: Life expectancy at birth by sex |
Eurostat, Life Expectancy by Age and Sex |
| 5.5 | By country: Healthy life years at birth by sex | Eurostat, Healthy life years at birth by sex |
| 5.6 | By country: Proportion of life expectancy in poor health for males | Eurostat, Healthy life years by sex and Life expectancy by age and sex |
| 5.7 | By country: Proportion of life expectancy in poor health for females | Eurostat, Healthy life years by sex and Life expectancy by age and sex |
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