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Earnings and Labour Costs Q1 2023 (Final) Q2 2023 (Preliminary Estimates)

Average weekly earnings up 4.3% in the 12 months to Q2 2023

Online ISSN: 2009-5023

CSO statistical publication, 29 August 2023, 11am

Key Findings

Average weekly earnings were €909.77 in Q2 2023, an increase of 4.3% from €871.93 in Q2 2022.
Average hourly earnings rose by 5.1% to €28.07 in Q2 2023, from €26.72 in Q2 2022.
Average weekly paid hours were 32.4 in Q2 2023, down by 0.6% from the Q2 2022 value of 32.6.
The job vacancy rate at the end of Q2 2023 was 1.3%, lower than the 1.6% recorded at the end of Q2 2022 and slightly down from 1.4% at the end of Q1 2023.
Average hourly other labour costs grew by 11.6% to €4.71 in Q2 2023, from €4.22 in Q2 2022.
The highest averages for hourly total labour costs in Q2 2023 were €51.53 in Information & Communication, and €48.19 in Financial, Insurance & Real Estate Activities.
The lowest averages for hourly total labour costs in Q2 2023 were €17.58 in Accommodation & Food Service Activities, and €24.02 in Arts, Entertainment, Recreation & Other Services.
The Public Administration & Defence sector had the highest job vacancy rate at 3.4% in Q2 2023, followed by 2.5% in the Financial, Insurance & Real Estate Activities sector.

Statistician's Comment

The Central Statistics Office (CSO) has today (29 August 2023) issued Earnings and Labour costs results with Preliminary estimates for Q2 2023 and Final estimates for Q1 2023.

Commenting on the data, Louise Egan, Statistician in the Earnings Analysis Division, said: “Preliminary estimates for April, May, and June (Q2) 2023 show average weekly earnings were €909.77, up 4.3% compared with €871.93 in Q2 2022.

Earnings and hours

The largest annual percentage increase in Q2 2023 in average weekly earnings was 9.0% in the Public Administration & Defence sector.

Average hourly earnings grew on an annual basis by 5.1% to €28.07, while average weekly paid hours decreased by 0.6% to 32.4 in the year from Q2 2022 to Q2 2023. Over the three years from Q2 2020, where the second quarter in that year was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, to Q2 2023, average hourly earnings rose by 10.6% from €25.39 to €28.07, while average paid hours rose slightly to 32.4 hours from 32.2 hours.

Labour costs

Average hourly other labour costs increased by 11.6% across all economic sectors to €4.71 in Q2 2023 from €4.22 in Q2 2022.

In the three years to Q2 2023, average hourly total labour costs increased by 18.4%. The percentage changes across the sectors in the period Q2 2020 to Q2 2023 ranged from 13.9% in Education to 77.4% in Accommodation & Food Services. A significant factor in this growth was the introduction of the Temporary Wage Subsidy Scheme (TWSS) in Q2 2020 and the ending of its replacement, the Employment Wage Subsidy Scheme (EWSS), in Q2 2022 (on 31 May 2022). EWSS payments to enterprises were recorded as subsidies and refunds received and were deducted from other labour costs during the period Q1 2020 to Q2 2022.

Job Vacancy Rate

The job vacancy rate in Q2 2023, which measures job vacancies on the last working day of the quarter, was 1.3%, down from 1.4% at the end of Q1 2023 and up from 0.7% at the end of Q2 2020."

Preliminary Estimates Q2 2023

Headline Table: Earnings, Hours and Labour Costs, unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
	Average Weekly Earnings	Average Hourly Earnings	Average Hourly Total Labour Costs	Average Weekly Paid Hours
	€	€	€	Hours
	Unadjusted
Q2 2022	871.93	26.72	30.94	32.6
Q2 2023	909.77	28.07	32.77	32.4
Annual % change	4.3	5.1	5.9	-0.6
	Seasonally Adjusted
Q1 2023	907.86	27.71	32.22	32.7
Q2 2023	911.88	28.10	32.68	32.5
Quarterly % change	0.4	1.4	1.4	-0.6

Open in Excel: Earnings and Labour Costs Q2 2023 HLT (XLS 11KB)

Editor's Note

While there is no internationally agreed methodology for assessing the public/private sector wage gap, the CSO has published analysis of the differential using a matched Labour Force Survey and P35 dataset for 2015-2018. This analysis took account of compositional differences between the public and private sector, such as occupational mix, sectors of activity, gender balance, union membership, etc. The public sector pay gap in 2018 was estimated to range from -3.8% to +0.1% depending on the specification applied and the treatment of the Pension Levy.

See most recent analysis for 2015-2018 here. See also previous versions for 2009-2010 here (PDF 678KB) and for 2011-2014 here (PDF 686KB)

Earnings and Hours

Average weekly earnings were €909.77 in Q2 2023, an increase of 4.3% when compared with €871.93 from one year earlier, according to preliminary estimates of the Earnings and Labour Costs quarterly release.

The largest annual percentage increase in Q2 2023 in average weekly earnings was 9.0% in the Public Administration & Defence sector, with a rise from €1,019.96 to €1,112.18. The second largest increase was 7.5% in the Financial, Insurance & Real Estate Activities sector which rose from €1,246.87 to €1,339.81 over the year.

In the five years to Q2 2023, average weekly earnings rose by 22.1%. All sectors saw increases to average weekly earnings over this period.

Average hourly earnings grew on an annual basis by 5.1% to €28.07 in Q2 2023, while average weekly paid hours decreased from 32.6 in Q2 2022 to 32.4 in Q2 2023. Over the three years from Q2 2020 to Q2 2023, average hourly earnings rose by 10.6% from €25.39 to €28.07, while average paid hours rose slightly to 32.4 hours in Q2 2023 from 32.2 in Q2 2020.

	5 Year % Change
Information & communication	30.4961578436217
Admin & support service	30.0080289040546
Arts & entertainment	24.416896045034
Accommodation & food	23.3645660743873
All sectors	22.1020279429331
Professional & technical	21.7279632766818
Financial & real estate	20.832055698851
Health & social	19.0971157865403
Industry	18.389820001578
Construction	17.6807657482861
Wholesale & retail	16.3405173163562
Public admin & defence	14.7961974753053
Education	13.3149711451328
Transportation	9.83596417437775

X-axis label	Unadjusted	Seasonally Adjusted
Q216	21.97	22
Q316	21.56	22.03
Q416	22.18	22.19
Q117	22.69	22.16
Q217	22.27	22.31
Q317	22.16	22.64
Q417	22.6	22.63
Q118	23.4	22.84
Q218	22.94	22.96
Q318	22.62	23.15
Q418	23.33	23.37
Q119	24.05	23.43
Q219	23.69	23.69
Q319	23.53	24.12
Q419	24.23	24.3
Q120	24.76	24.06
Q220	25.39	25.38
Q320	24.38	25.09
Q420	25.56	25.59
Q121	26.83	26.08
Q221	26.07	26.08
Q321	25.29	26.11
Q421	26.27	26.23
Q122	27.42	26.6
Q222	26.72	26.74
Q322	26.19	27.1
Q422	27.85	27.71
Q123	28.51	27.71
Q223	28.07	28.1

	Q2 2022	Q2 2023
Industry	25.93	27.76
Construction	24.6	24.76
Wholesale & retail	21.64	22.05
Transportation	23.58	24.25
Accommodation & food	15.08	15.89
Information & communication	38.79	40.97
Financial & real estate	35.61	38.55
Professional & technical	31.37	31.96
Admin & support service	21.53	22.62
Public admin & defence	28.97	31.21
Education	38.82	40.59
Health & social	25.39	27.21
Arts & entertainment	20.2	21.04
All sectors	26.72	28.07

X-axis label	Unadjusted	Seasonally Adjusted
Q216	32.1	32
Q316	32.6	32.4
Q416	32.4	32.3
Q117	32	32.4
Q217	32.4	32.4
Q317	32.4	32.2
Q417	32.4	32.3
Q118	31.8	32.2
Q218	32.5	32.5
Q318	32.8	32.6
Q418	32.5	32.4
Q119	32.1	32.5
Q219	32.6	32.6
Q319	32.7	32.4
Q419	32.5	32.4
Q120	32.3	32.7
Q220	32.2	32.2
Q320	32.6	32.3
Q420	33.1	33
Q121	32.1	32.4
Q221	32.6	32.7
Q321	33.1	32.8
Q421	32.9	32.8
Q122	32.3	32.6
Q222	32.6	32.7
Q322	33.1	32.8
Q422	32.4	32.3
Q123	32.4	32.7
Q223	32.4	32.5

Total Labour Costs

Average hourly total labour costs were €32.77 across all economic sectors in Q2 2023.

Information & Communication had the highest average for hourly total labour costs at €51.53, followed by €48.19 in the Financial, Insurance & Real Estate Activities sector. The sectors with the lowest cost of employing labour were Accommodation & Food Services Activities at €17.58 and Arts, Entertainment, Recreation & Other Service Activities at €24.02.

Average hourly total labour costs increased by 23.3% over the five years to Q2 2023, from €26.57 per hour to €32.77. The percentage changes across the sectors ranged from 7.8% in Transportation & Storage to 33.1% in Administrative & Support Services.

	5 Year % Change
Admin & support services	33.1175298804781
Information & communication	30.4556962025317
Arts & entertainment	24.4559585492228
Accommodation & food	24.0649258997883
All sectors	23.3345878810689
Construction	21.2393162393163
Financial & real estate	21.1717374905708
Health & social	20.7060690202301
Industry	20.6676136363636
Professional & technical	19.8278610137074
Public admin & defence	19.678995115143
Wholesale & retail	18.6315302820157
Education	15.0431253170979
Transportation	7.83410138248848

Public Sector

Average weekly earnings grew by 6.0% across the public sector in the year to Q2 2023, rising from €1,044.09 to €1,107.20. An Garda Síochána had the highest average weekly earnings in Q2 2023 in the public sector at €1,732.43. The highest average hourly earnings in this period were €46.30 in the Education sector.

FALSE

	Q2 2022	Q2 2023
Civil service	968.79	1067.14
Defence	927.1	927.16
Garda Siochana	1503.32	1732.43
Education	1054.57	1106.39
Regional bodies	886.58	962.23
Health	1020.28	1085.66
Semi-state	1138.08	1152.35
All sectors	1044.09	1107.2

	Q2 2022	Q2 2023
Civil service	44500	45000
Defence	9000	9400
Garda Siochana	14400	14300
Education	113100	111200
Regional bodies	35400	36100
Health	155000	163600
Semi-state	58400	62000

Job Vacancies

The job vacancy rate in Q2 2023, which measures job vacancies on the last working day of the quarter, was down at 1.3% from 1.6% in Q2 2022. It was slightly down from 1.4% recorded at the end of Q1 2023.

The highest job vacancy rates in Q2 2023 were 3.4% in Public Administration & Defence, followed by 2.5% in Financial, Insurance & Real Estate Activities.

There were 28,200 job vacancies, (rounded to the nearest 100), at the end of Q2 2023, down by 6,100 from the end of Q2 2022.

X-axis label	Job Vacancy Rate
Q216	0.9
Q316	1
Q416	0.9
Q117	1
Q217	1.1
Q317	1.1
Q417	1
Q118	1
Q218	1.2
Q318	1
Q418	0.9
Q119	1
Q219	1.1
Q319	0.9
Q419	0.9
Q120	0.8
Q220	0.7
Q320	0.8
Q420	0.9
Q121	1
Q221	1.2
Q321	1.5
Q421	1.4
Q122	1.6
Q222	1.6
Q322	1.6
Q422	1.3
Q123	1.4
Q223	1.3

Tables

Table 1 Average weekly earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 1 Average weekly earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q1	Q2	Quarterly change		Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
B-E	Industry	887.23	898.55	900.64	942.39	992.75	1,098.94	1,050.39	-48.55	-4.4	57.64	5.8
F	Construction	773.10	789.40	769.12	834.24	921.09	886.66	909.79	23.13	2.6	-11.30	-1.2
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	574.89	593.43	600.41	634.07	665.40	663.65	668.83	5.18	0.8	3.43	0.5
H	Transportation and storage	808.36	846.43	807.64	794.61	872.76	849.84	887.87	38.03	4.5	15.11	1.7
I	Accommodation and food services	350.06	365.97	406.41	377.67	408.28	424.93	431.85	6.92	1.6	23.57	5.8
J	Information and communication	1,173.82	1,198.52	1,267.26	1,299.98	1,448.06	1,652.72	1,531.79	-120.93	-7.3	83.73	5.8
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	1,108.82	1,151.37	1,162.28	1,219.28	1,246.87	1,497.17	1,339.81	-157.36	-10.5	92.94	7.5
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	914.95	952.94	921.64	1,028.22	1,074.57	1,091.30	1,113.75	22.45	2.1	39.18	3.6
N	Administrative and support services	548.02	618.19	610.42	694.92	691.82	734.38	712.47	-21.91	-3.0	20.65	3.0
O	Public administration and defence	968.83	972.60	998.27	1,023.15	1,019.96	1,077.29	1,112.18	34.89	3.2	92.22	9.0
P	Education	838.68	852.77	886.39	929.30	914.35	976.70	950.35	-26.35	-2.7	36.00	3.9
Q	Human health and social work	717.70	749.62	763.16	783.19	812.33	853.93	854.76	0.83	0.1	42.43	5.2
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	483.19	498.42	582.46	557.28	592.14	595.60	601.17	5.57	0.9	9.03	1.5
All Sectors		745.09	771.63	817.55	850.81	871.93	924.24	909.77	-14.47	-1.6	37.84	4.3
Public/Private Sector¹
Private sector		683.58	711.04	753.43	791.13	819.88	871.41	850.82	-20.59	-2.4	30.94	3.8
Public sector²		962.16	980.01	1,008.76	1,030.85	1,044.09	1,103.65	1,107.20	3.55	0.3	63.11	6.0
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		586.23	610.80	647.17	675.22	693.39	715.46	724.76	9.30	1.3	31.37	4.5
50-250 employees		698.17	715.70	740.76	805.57	825.43	853.54	850.41	-3.13	-0.4	24.98	3.0
Greater than 250 employees		875.75	903.40	936.19	970.25	989.37	1,075.30	1,042.00	-33.30	-3.1	52.63	5.3
¹ For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
² Average weekly earnings by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8a.

Open in Excel: Earnings and Labour Costs Q2 2023 Table 1 (XLS 13KB)

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Table 2 Average hourly earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 2 Average hourly earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q1	Q2	Quarterly change		Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
B-E	Industry	23.06	23.38	24.76	24.79	25.93	29.00	27.76	-1.24	-4.3	1.83	7.1
F	Construction	20.76	21.42	21.08	22.49	24.60	24.47	24.76	0.29	1.2	0.16	0.7
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	18.52	19.36	19.95	20.46	21.64	22.29	22.05	-0.24	-1.1	0.41	1.9
H	Transportation and storage	22.23	23.84	22.90	22.50	23.58	23.58	24.25	0.67	2.8	0.67	2.8
I	Accommodation and food services	12.81	13.29	15.70	15.63	15.08	15.78	15.89	0.11	0.7	0.81	5.4
J	Information and communication	32.04	32.13	34.28	34.68	38.79	44.20	40.97	-3.23	-7.3	2.18	5.6
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	31.68	33.16	33.75	35.17	35.61	42.86	38.55	-4.31	-10.1	2.94	8.3
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	27.06	27.94	27.15	29.48	31.37	31.77	31.96	0.19	0.6	0.59	1.9
N	Administrative and support services	17.67	18.48	20.13	22.03	21.53	23.18	22.62	-0.56	-2.4	1.09	5.1
O	Public administration and defence	26.27	26.29	27.04	28.44	28.97	30.08	31.21	1.13	3.8	2.24	7.7
P	Education	35.64	36.16	36.50	37.84	38.82	39.79	40.59	0.80	2.0	1.77	4.6
Q	Human health and social work	22.74	23.75	24.05	24.30	25.39	26.71	27.21	0.50	1.9	1.82	7.2
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	16.92	17.61	19.92	19.93	20.20	21.69	21.04	-0.65	-3.0	0.84	4.2
All Sectors		22.94	23.69	25.39	26.07	26.72	28.51	28.07	-0.44	-1.5	1.35	5.1
Public/Private Sector¹
Private sector		21.08	21.87	23.46	24.20	24.97	26.95	26.10	-0.85	-3.2	1.13	4.5
Public sector²		29.44	29.91	31.04	31.73	32.67	33.73	34.83	1.10	3.3	2.16	6.6
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		19.06	19.88	21.04	21.64	22.38	23.57	23.50	-0.07	-0.3	1.12	5.0
50-250 employees		21.09	21.75	23.23	24.44	24.74	26.17	25.75	-0.42	-1.6	1.01	4.1
Greater than 250 employees		26.15	26.79	28.28	29.06	29.71	32.01	31.45	-0.56	-1.7	1.74	5.9
¹ For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
² Average hourly earnings by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8b.

Open in Excel: Earnings and Labour Costs Q2 2023 Table 2 (XLS 13KB)

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Table 3 Average weekly paid hours by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 3 Average weekly paid hours by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q1	Q2	Quarterly change		Annual change
		hours	hours	hours	hours	hours	hours	hours	hours	%	hours	%
B-E	Industry	38.5	38.4	36.4	38.0	38.3	37.9	37.8	-0.1	-0.3	-0.5	-1.3
F	Construction	37.2	36.9	36.5	37.1	37.4	36.2	36.7	0.5	1.4	-0.7	-1.9
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	31.0	30.6	30.1	31.0	30.8	29.8	30.3	0.5	1.7	-0.5	-1.6
H	Transportation and storage	36.4	35.5	35.3	35.3	37.0	36.0	36.6	0.6	1.7	-0.4	-1.1
I	Accommodation and food services	27.3	27.5	25.9	24.2	27.1	26.9	27.2	0.3	1.1	0.1	0.4
J	Information and communication	36.6	37.3	37.0	37.5	37.3	37.4	37.4	-	-	0.1	0.3
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	35.0	34.7	34.4	34.7	35.0	34.9	34.8	-0.1	-0.3	-0.2	-0.6
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	33.8	34.1	33.9	34.9	34.3	34.4	34.9	0.5	1.5	0.6	1.7
N	Administrative and support services	31.0	33.4	30.3	31.5	32.1	31.7	31.5	-0.2	-0.6	-0.6	-1.9
O	Public administration and defence	36.9	37.0	36.9	36.0	35.2	35.8	35.6	-0.2	-0.6	0.4	1.1
P	Education	23.5	23.6	24.3	24.6	23.6	24.5	23.4	-1.1	-4.5	-0.2	-0.8
Q	Human health and social work	31.6	31.6	31.7	32.2	32.0	32.0	31.4	-0.6	-1.9	-0.6	-1.9
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	28.6	28.3	29.2	28.0	29.3	27.5	28.6	1.1	4.0	-0.7	-2.4
All Sectors		32.5	32.6	32.2	32.6	32.6	32.4	32.4	-	-	-0.2	-0.6
Public/Private Sector¹
Private sector		32.4	32.5	32.1	32.7	32.8	32.3	32.6	0.3	0.9	-0.2	-0.6
Public sector²		32.7	32.8	32.5	32.5	32.0	32.7	31.8	-0.9	-2.8	-0.2	-0.6
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		30.8	30.7	30.8	31.2	31.0	30.4	30.8	0.4	1.3	-0.2	-0.6
50-250 employees		33.1	32.9	31.9	33.0	33.4	32.6	33.0	0.4	1.2	-0.4	-1.2
Greater than 250 employees		33.5	33.7	33.1	33.4	33.3	33.6	33.1	-0.5	-1.5	-0.2	-0.6
¹ For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
²Average weekly paid hours by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8c.

Open in Excel: Earnings and Labour Costs Q2 2023 Table 3 (XLS 13KB)

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Table 4 Earnings, hours and labour costs, unadjusted and seasonally adjusted by quarter

Table 4 Earnings, hours and labour costs, unadjusted and seasonally adjusted by other characteristics and quarter
	Unadjusted Series					Seasonally Adjusted Series
Quarter	Average weekly earnings	Average weekly paid hours	Average hourly earnings	Average hourly other labour costs	Average hourly total labour costs	Average weekly earnings	Average weekly paid hours	Average hourly earnings	Average hourly other labour costs	Average hourly total labour costs
Q1 2008	704.60	32.7	21.56	3.51	25.07	707.29	33.2	21.37	3.52	24.83
Q2 2008	705.28	32.8	21.50	3.40	24.90	707.54	32.8	21.56	3.41	25.00
Q3 2008	696.11	32.8	21.20	3.41	24.61	700.65	32.4	21.60	3.50	25.06
Q4 2008	721.89	32.5	22.24	3.60	25.84	712.52	32.3	21.98	3.50	25.54
Q1 2009	709.55	31.6	22.44	3.59	26.03	711.97	32.1	22.25	3.60	25.78
Q2 2009	700.75	31.9	22.00	3.64	25.64	703.01	31.9	22.07	3.65	25.74
Q3 2009	698.47	31.9	21.88	3.49	25.37	702.74	31.5	22.25	3.58	25.83
Q4 2009	721.28	32.1	22.50	3.66	26.16	712.84	31.9	22.27	3.55	25.87
Q1 2010	689.32	31.0	22.21	3.36	25.58	691.02	31.5	22.02	3.36	25.32
Q2 2010	696.90	31.6	22.03	3.30	25.33	698.97	31.6	22.08	3.31	25.42
Q3 2010	700.23	32.2	21.78	3.14	24.91	704.20	31.9	22.11	3.23	25.35
Q4 2010	704.11	31.8	22.14	3.27	25.41	697.43	31.7	21.98	3.16	25.16
Q1 2011	684.87	30.9	22.18	3.13	25.31	685.40	31.4	21.96	3.13	25.04
Q2 2011	687.49	31.4	21.90	3.14	25.04	689.14	31.4	21.93	3.16	25.11
Q3 2011	686.59	31.8	21.57	3.08	24.65	690.60	31.5	21.89	3.18	25.09
Q4 2011	696.84	31.6	22.06	3.29	25.35	691.80	31.5	21.98	3.18	25.13
Q1 2012	698.71	31.4	22.25	3.25	25.50	697.97	31.8	21.98	3.24	25.20
Q2 2012	691.62	31.5	21.96	3.28	25.24	692.43	31.5	21.96	3.30	25.30
Q3 2012	692.13	31.7	21.82	3.31	25.12	697.05	31.4	22.15	3.41	25.59
Q4 2012	691.84	31.6	21.90	3.59	25.49	688.13	31.5	21.89	3.48	25.31
Q1 2013	693.21	31.2	22.24	3.46	25.70	690.87	31.6	21.90	3.45	25.35
Q2 2013	695.65	31.6	22.02	3.32	25.34	695.92	31.6	22.01	3.34	25.39
Q3 2013	682.79	31.7	21.53	3.23	24.77	688.84	31.4	21.90	3.33	25.25
Q4 2013	694.03	31.7	21.89	3.73	25.62	691.02	31.6	21.91	3.63	25.47
Q1 2014	699.67	31.3	22.37	3.41	25.78	695.90	31.7	21.95	3.39	25.38
Q2 2014	694.08	31.8	21.81	3.38	25.19	693.94	31.8	21.81	3.40	25.23
Q3 2014	676.58	31.9	21.20	3.27	24.47	683.85	31.7	21.62	3.37	24.97
Q4 2014	702.07	31.8	22.05	3.51	25.56	699.33	31.7	22.07	3.42	25.44
Q1 2015	701.11	31.4	22.30	3.46	25.76	696.04	31.8	21.83	3.44	25.31
Q2 2015	699.22	32.0	21.86	3.45	25.31	699.15	32.0	21.88	3.46	25.36
Q3 2015	692.79	32.2	21.50	3.35	24.84	701.03	32.0	21.95	3.44	25.37
Q4 2015	711.23	32.5	21.91	3.46	25.37	708.65	32.4	21.93	3.38	25.27
Q1 2016	714.26	31.7	22.55	3.51	26.06	708.26	32.1	22.04	3.50	25.57
Q2 2016	706.33	32.1	21.97	3.48	25.45	706.21	32.0	22.00	3.48	25.50
Q3 2016	702.97	32.6	21.56	3.47	25.04	711.84	32.4	22.03	3.56	25.59
Q4 2016	717.52	32.4	22.18	3.58	25.76	715.39	32.3	22.19	3.51	25.68
Q1 2017	725.12	32.0	22.69	3.53	26.22	718.02	32.4	22.16	3.52	25.69
Q2 2017	720.52	32.4	22.27	3.59	25.86	720.58	32.4	22.31	3.58	25.91
Q3 2017	717.55	32.4	22.16	3.50	25.65	726.73	32.2	22.64	3.59	26.23
Q4 2017	731.86	32.4	22.60	3.70	26.31	730.54	32.3	22.63	3.64	26.25
Q1 2018	744.76	31.8	23.40	3.65	27.06	736.38	32.2	22.84	3.64	26.47
Q2 2018	745.09	32.5	22.94	3.63	26.57	745.02	32.5	22.96	3.61	26.61
Q3 2018	742.75	32.8	22.62	3.50	26.12	752.83	32.6	23.15	3.60	26.75
Q4 2018	757.21	32.5	23.33	3.67	27.00	756.60	32.4	23.37	3.61	26.96
Q1 2019	771.60	32.1	24.05	3.69	27.74	761.54	32.5	23.43	3.68	27.09
Q2 2019	771.63	32.6	23.69	3.81	27.51	771.54	32.6	23.69	3.78	27.53
Q3 2019	769.14	32.7	23.53	3.77	27.31	780.63	32.4	24.12	3.88	28.05
Q4 2019	786.33	32.5	24.23	3.96	28.19	785.94	32.4	24.30	3.90	28.12
Q1 2020	800.31	32.3	24.76	3.86	28.62	788.43	32.7	24.06	3.85	27.91
Q2 2020	817.55	32.2	25.39	2.29	27.68	817.76	32.2	25.38	2.25	27.67
Q3 2020	794.89	32.6	24.38	2.69	27.07	808.06	32.3	25.09	2.81	27.90
Q4 2020	847.21	33.1	25.56	2.51	28.07	846.35	33.0	25.59	2.44	27.98
Q1 2021	860.19	32.1	26.83	2.67	29.51	847.26	32.4	26.08	2.66	28.78
Q2 2021	850.81	32.6	26.07	2.91	28.98	851.61	32.7	26.08	2.87	28.94
Q3 2021	837.61	33.1	25.29	2.57	27.86	852.61	32.8	26.11	2.70	28.80
Q4 2021	863.70	32.9	26.27	3.28	29.55	862.11	32.8	26.23	3.21	29.42
Q1 2022	885.33	32.3	27.42	3.60	31.02	870.02	32.6	26.60	3.58	30.20
Q2 2022	871.93	32.6	26.72	4.22	30.94	873.46	32.7	26.74	4.18	30.87
Q3 2022	867.63	33.1	26.19	4.12	30.31	883.98	32.8	27.10	4.26	31.40
Q4 2022	902.56	32.4	27.85	4.60	32.45	900.08	32.3	27.71	4.53	32.29
Q1 2023	924.24	32.4	28.51	4.59	33.10	907.86	32.7	27.71	4.56	32.22
Q2 2023¹	909.77	32.4	28.07	4.71	32.77	911.88	32.5	28.10	4.67	32.68
¹Preliminary Estimates

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Table 5a Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 5a Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q1	Q2	Quarterly change		Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
B-E	Industry	21.78	22.14	23.11	23.42	24.04	25.05	25.79	0.74	3.0	1.75	7.3
F	Construction	20.43	20.84	20.82	22.19	24.16	23.97	24.11	0.14	0.6	-0.05	-0.2
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	17.37	18.18	18.79	19.03	20.02	20.51	20.62	0.11	0.5	0.60	3.0
H	Transportation and storage	20.85	22.47	21.34	21.21	21.56	22.40	22.70	0.30	1.3	1.14	5.3
I	Accommodation and food services	12.55	13.05	15.33	15.37	14.80	15.31	15.39	0.08	0.5	0.59	4.0
J	Information and communication	27.64	27.76	29.20	30.54	33.51	35.15	34.98	-0.17	-0.5	1.47	4.4
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	29.18	30.47	31.60	33.03	33.49	34.45	35.45	1.00	2.9	1.96	5.9
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	25.15	25.99	25.58	27.20	28.96	29.55	29.58	0.03	0.1	0.62	2.1
N	Administrative and support services	16.72	17.43	18.84	19.81	19.81	20.56	21.29	0.73	3.6	1.48	7.5
O	Public administration and defence	24.79	24.84	25.47	26.85	27.28	28.70	29.48	0.78	2.7	2.20	8.1
P	Education	35.25	35.76	36.30	37.44	38.41	39.48	40.28	0.80	2.0	1.87	4.9
Q	Human health and social work	21.76	22.46	23.09	23.45	24.05	25.42	26.00	0.58	2.3	1.95	8.1
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	16.32	17.11	19.31	19.45	19.72	20.64	20.59	-0.05	-0.2	0.87	4.4
All Sectors		21.69	22.38	23.98	24.65	25.07	25.97	26.36	0.39	1.5	1.29	5.1
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		19.86	20.61	22.00	22.70	23.32	24.11	24.33	0.22	0.9	1.01	4.3
Public sector³		28.10	28.42	29.80	30.56	31.01	32.20	33.33	1.13	3.5	2.32	7.5
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		18.37	19.03	20.26	20.76	21.55	22.24	22.36	0.12	0.5	0.81	3.8
50-250 employees		19.91	20.54	21.91	22.81	23.07	23.87	24.13	0.26	1.1	1.06	4.6
Greater than 250 employees		24.53	25.15	26.52	27.41	27.64	28.73	29.40	0.67	2.3	1.76	6.4
¹ Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings plus the average hourly irregular earnings in Table 5b equal average hourly earnings as set out in Table 2.
² For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
³ Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8d.

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Table 5b Average hourly irregular earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 5b Average hourly irregular earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change	Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q1	Q2	Quarterly change	Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€
B-E	Industry	1.28	1.24	1.64	1.38	1.89	3.95	1.97	-1.98	0.08
F	Construction	0.33	0.58	0.26	0.31	0.44	0.51	0.65	0.14	0.21
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	1.15	1.19	1.16	1.43	1.61	1.78	1.43	-0.35	-0.18
H	Transportation and storage	1.39	1.37	1.56	1.29	2.02	1.19	1.55	0.36	-0.47
I	Accommodation and food services	0.26	0.25	0.37	0.27	0.28	0.47	0.50	0.03	0.22
J	Information and communication	4.41	4.37	5.07	4.14	5.28	9.04	5.98	-3.06	0.70
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	2.50	2.68	2.15	2.15	2.12	8.41	3.10	-5.31	0.98
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	1.91	1.95	1.57	2.28	2.42	2.22	2.37	0.15	-0.05
N	Administrative and support services	0.95	1.06	1.29	2.22	1.71	2.62	1.34	-1.28	-0.37
O	Public administration and defence	1.48	1.44	1.57	1.59	1.70	1.38	1.73	0.35	0.03
P	Education	0.40	0.40	0.20	0.40	0.41	0.31	0.31	-	-0.10
Q	Human health and social work	0.98	1.29	0.96	0.85	1.34	1.29	1.20	-0.09	-0.14
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	0.60	0.50	0.61	0.48	0.47	1.05	0.45	-0.60	-0.02
All Sectors		1.24	1.31	1.41	1.42	1.65	2.54	1.71	-0.83	0.06
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		1.22	1.26	1.46	1.50	1.65	2.84	1.77	-1.07	0.12
Public sector³		1.34	1.48	1.24	1.17	1.66	1.53	1.50	-0.03	-0.16
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		0.70	0.85	0.78	0.88	0.84	1.33	1.14	-0.19	0.30
50-250 employees		1.19	1.21	1.31	1.64	1.68	2.30	1.62	-0.68	-0.06
Greater than 250 employees		1.62	1.65	1.76	1.65	2.07	3.29	2.05	-1.24	-0.02
¹ Average hourly irregular earnings plus the average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings in Table 5a equal average hourly earnings as set out in Table 2.
² For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
³ Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8d.

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Table 6a Average hourly other labour costs by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 6b Average hourly benefits in kind (BIK) by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 6b Average hourly benefits in kind (BIK) by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change	Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q1	Q2	Quarterly change	Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€
B-E	Industry	0.48	0.49	0.62	0.59	0.63	0.51	0.71	0.20	0.08
F	Construction	0.10	0.07	0.07	0.08	0.10	0.12	0.16	0.04	0.06
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	0.39	0.50	0.57	0.61	0.64	0.34	0.51	0.17	-0.13
H	Transportation and storage	0.12	0.14	0.09	0.10	0.09	0.09	0.08	-0.01	-0.01
I	Accommodation and food services	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.03	0.02
J	Information and communication	1.58	1.61	1.72	3.71	3.02	1.96	2.88	0.92	-0.14
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	0.74	0.83	1.09	0.79	0.56	0.94	0.68	-0.26	0.12
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	0.45	0.41	0.49	0.45	0.48	0.37	0.37	-	-0.11
N	Administrative and support services	0.11	0.32	0.19	0.80	0.15	0.37	0.86	0.49	0.71
O	Public administration and defence	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	-	-
P	Education	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.04	0.01	-0.03	0.01
Q	Human health and social work	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.01	-0.01	-
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	0.18	0.08	0.14	0.10	0.10	0.14	0.13	-0.01	0.03
All Sectors		0.29	0.32	0.40	0.51	0.44	0.35	0.46	0.11	0.02
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		0.37	0.41	0.53	0.67	0.57	0.45	0.60	0.15	0.03
Public sector		0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	-	-
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		0.15	0.17	0.20	0.19	0.18	0.21	0.17	-0.04	-0.01
50-250 employees		0.26	0.23	0.30	0.27	0.20	0.34	0.42	0.08	0.22
Greater than 250 employees		0.39	0.45	0.53	0.76	0.66	0.43	0.64	0.21	-0.02
¹Average hourly benefits in kind (BIK) are a sub-component of average hourly other labour costs as set out in Table 6a. BIK is considered an income rather than an other labour cost by Eurostat and in Structure of Earnings Statistics.
²For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.

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Table 6c Average hourly total labour costs by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 6c Average hourly total labour costs by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q1	Q2	Quarterly change		Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
B-E	Industry	28.16	28.72	28.20	29.43	31.50	34.92	33.98	-0.94	-2.7	2.48	7.9
F	Construction	23.40	24.01	20.42	22.27	27.78	27.85	28.37	0.52	1.9	0.59	2.1
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	21.63	22.59	20.67	22.17	25.22	25.77	25.66	-0.11	-0.4	0.44	1.7
H	Transportation and storage	26.04	27.90	23.98	23.44	27.21	27.38	28.08	0.70	2.6	0.87	3.2
I	Accommodation and food services	14.17	14.74	9.91	7.49	14.98	17.40	17.58	0.18	1.0	2.60	17.4
J	Information and communication	39.50	39.49	41.53	44.17	48.76	54.23	51.53	-2.70	-5.0	2.77	5.7
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	39.77	41.81	41.95	44.81	44.48	53.25	48.19	-5.06	-9.5	3.71	8.3
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	31.37	32.43	29.04	33.30	36.83	37.34	37.59	0.25	0.7	0.76	2.1
N	Administrative and support services	20.08	21.34	21.19	24.50	24.34	26.72	26.73	0.01	0.0	2.39	9.8
O	Public administration and defence	28.66	28.72	29.68	31.21	31.85	33.09	34.30	1.21	3.7	2.45	7.7
P	Education	39.42	40.05	39.83	41.13	43.13	44.42	45.35	0.93	2.1	2.22	5.1
Q	Human health and social work	25.21	26.48	26.23	26.61	28.25	29.77	30.43	0.66	2.2	2.18	7.7
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	19.30	20.22	18.55	18.49	22.67	25.34	24.02	-1.32	-5.2	1.35	6.0
All Sectors		26.57	27.51	27.68	28.98	30.94	33.10	32.77	-0.33	-1.0	1.83	5.9
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		24.80	25.80	25.34	26.92	29.31	31.75	30.99	-0.76	-2.4	1.68	5.7
Public sector		32.76	33.34	34.57	35.24	36.49	37.65	38.89	1.24	3.3	2.40	6.6
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		21.62	22.51	20.53	21.21	25.17	26.80	26.94	0.14	0.5	1.77	7.0
50-250 employees		24.54	25.31	24.22	26.83	28.41	30.51	30.14	-0.37	-1.2	1.73	6.1
Greater than 250 employees		30.55	31.44	32.42	34.00	34.88	37.44	36.97	-0.47	-1.3	2.09	6.0
¹Average hourly total labour costs equal the average hourly earnings in Table 2 plus the average hourly other labour costs as set out in Table 6a.
²For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.

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Table 7a Employment by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 7a Employment by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023
NACE Principal Activity		Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q1	Q2
B-E	Industry	216,400	222,600	219,400	227,300	233,500	252,300	259,400	266,200	252,900
F	Construction	87,500	93,600	105,700	111,600	95,700	99,500	127,700	125,800	139,100
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	291,100	304,000	301,500	297,200	286,200	303,400	322,900	339,700	340,500
H	Transportation and storage	66,800	70,500	76,200	83,600	74,100	79,300	85,800	86,500	90,100
I	Accommodation and food services	156,000	163,400	179,600	185,400	126,200	124,200	171,900	174,100	183,700
J	Information and communication	64,600	68,200	71,200	74,600	84,100	88,700	104,500	106,400	110,700
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	94,300	92,100	93,900	97,500	112,100	111,600	113,900	115,000	116,900
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	88,800	91,500	97,600	98,000	98,700	115,500	119,000	121,300	128,800
N	Administrative and support services	85,700	92,900	102,600	107,200	87,100	92,100	102,300	109,600	105,700
O	Public administration and defence	117,300	119,600	127,500	135,600	144,800	156,100	153,900	167,700	171,600
P	Education	138,200	144,400	153,900	164,200	180,700	194,800	197,900	193,600	199,300
Q	Human health and social work	231,400	237,500	243,100	249,100	243,400	261,600	285,700	293,300	299,600
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	53,300	54,600	54,200	53,800	46,000	46,600	48,800	52,000	53,200
All Sectors		1,691,300	1,754,600	1,826,400	1,885,300	1,812,600	1,925,900	2,093,800	2,151,200	2,192,200
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		1,301,500	1,361,000	1,425,500	1,473,200	1,413,400	1,505,800	1,664,100	1,714,600	1,750,800
Public sector		389,800	393,700	400,900	412,100	399,100	420,000	429,700	436,600	441,400
¹ It should be noted that the Labour Force Survey (LFS) is the official source of estimates of employment.
² For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.

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Table 7b Job vacancies by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 7c Job vacancy rate by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 8a Average weekly earnings by public sector sub-sector and quarter

Table 8b Average hourly earnings by public sector sub-sector and quarter

Table 8c Average weekly paid hours by public sector sub-sector and quarter

Table 8d Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by public sector sub-sector and quarter

Table 8e Public sector employment by sub-sector and quarter

Table A1 Estimates of average weekly earnings by broad occupational categories

Table A2 Response rates in selected sectors by quarter

Table A3 Preliminary data versus final data

Table A3 Preliminary data versus final data¹
		Preliminary Q1 2023			Final Q1 2023			Percentage Change
NACE Principal Activity		Average weekly earnings	Average hourly earnings	Average weekly hours	Average weekly earnings	Average hourly earnings	Average weekly hours	Average weekly earnings	Average hourly earnings	Average weekly hours
B-E	Industry	1,101.37	29.09	37.9	1,098.94	29.00	37.9	-0.2	-0.3	0.0
F	Construction	895.13	24.65	36.3	886.66	24.47	36.2	-0.9	-0.7	-0.3
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	669.13	22.57	29.6	663.65	22.29	29.8	-0.8	-1.2	0.7
H	Transportation and storage	841.76	23.37	36.0	849.84	23.58	36.0	1.0	0.9	0.0
I	Accommodation and food services	420.82	15.97	26.4	424.93	15.78	26.9	1.0	-1.2	1.9
J	Information and communication	1,661.83	44.18	37.6	1,652.72	44.20	37.4	-0.5	0.0	-0.5
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	1,436.16	41.62	34.5	1,497.17	42.86	34.9	4.2	3.0	1.2
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	1,107.23	31.96	34.6	1,091.30	31.77	34.4	-1.4	-0.6	-0.6
N	Administrative and support services	721.78	22.96	31.4	734.38	23.18	31.7	1.7	1.0	1.0
O	Public administration and defence	1,076.56	30.11	35.8	1,077.29	30.08	35.8	0.1	-0.1	0.0
P	Education	976.77	39.74	24.6	976.70	39.79	24.5	-0.0	0.1	-0.4
Q	Human health and social work	860.64	26.89	32.0	853.93	26.71	32.0	-0.8	-0.7	0.0
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	597.84	21.76	27.5	595.60	21.69	27.5	-0.4	-0.3	0.0
Total		923.48	28.55	32.4	924.24	28.51	32.4	0.1	-0.1	0.0
Public/Private Sector
Private sector		869.98	26.98	32.2	871.41	26.95	32.3	0.2	-0.1	0.3
Public sector		1,103.31	33.71	32.7	1,103.65	33.73	32.7	0.0	0.1	0.0
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		720.33	23.71	30.4	715.46	23.57	30.4	-0.7	-0.6	0.0
50-250 employees		855.70	26.18	32.7	853.54	26.17	32.6	-0.3	-0.0	-0.3
Greater than 250 employees		1,067.26	31.96	33.4	1,075.30	32.01	33.6	0.8	0.2	0.6
¹ See background notes.

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Table 8a Average weekly earnings by public sector sub-sector and quarter - Preliminary estimates
Public sector sub-sector	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
Public sector sub-sector	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q1	Q2	Quarterly change		Annual change
	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
Civil service	944.07	939.78	977.79	980.22	968.79	1,053.48	1,067.14	13.66	1.3	98.35	10.2
Defence	856.86	866.60	916.69	956.90	927.10	921.68	927.16	5.48	0.6	0.06	0.0
Garda Siochana	1,363.13	1,348.26	1,433.19	1,480.51	1,503.32	1,495.69	1,732.43	236.74	15.8	229.11	15.2
Education	963.74	990.07	1,018.61	1,060.14	1,054.57	1,126.43	1,106.39	-20.04	-1.8	51.82	4.9
Regional bodies	837.89	848.75	837.97	874.86	886.58	948.58	962.23	13.65	1.4	75.65	8.5
Health	912.81	948.69	998.18	986.62	1,020.28	1,089.27	1,085.66	-3.61	-0.3	65.38	6.4
Semi-state	1,069.94	1,060.66	1,040.39	1,092.38	1,138.08	1,168.46	1,152.35	-16.11	-1.4	14.27	1.3
Total public sector	962.16	980.01	1,008.76	1,030.85	1,044.09	1,103.65	1,107.20	3.55	0.3	63.11	6.0
Total public sector excluding semi-state bodies	945.38	967.12	1,003.81	1,021.89	1,030.15	1,094.01	1,100.41	6.40	0.6	70.26	6.8
Semi-state by sub-sector
Non Commercial Semi-state bodies	1,001.08	1,019.90	1,041.07	1,065.93	1,066.87	1,125.32	1,109.64	-15.68	-1.4	42.77	4.0
Commercial Semi-state bodies	1,097.46	1,076.69	1,040.10	1,105.24	1,167.27	1,189.20	1,174.50	-14.70	-1.2	7.23	0.6

Table 8e Public sector employment by sub-sector and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Annual change
Public sector sub-sector	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q2	Q1	Q2	Annual change
									%
Civil service	41,700	43,500	44,600	45,100	44,500	45,400	45,000	500	1.1
Defence	9,300	9,100	8,900	8,900	9,000	9,400	9,400	400	4.4
Garda Siochana	14,100	14,400	14,700	14,500	14,400	14,300	14,300	- 100	-0.7
Education	115,400	115,000	112,200	113,100	113,100	112,800	111,200	- 1,900	-1.7
Regional bodies	33,800	34,500	35,000	35,100	35,400	35,700	36,100	700	2.0
Health	132,400	135,800	127,600	146,900	155,000	158,900	163,600	8,600	5.5
Semi-state	54,200	59,700	56,200	56,400	58,400	60,100	62,000	3,600	6.2
Total public sector	400,900	412,100	399,100	420,000	429,700	436,600	441,400	11,700	2.7
Total public sector excluding semi-state bodies	346,700	352,400	342,900	363,600	371,400	376,500	379,400	8,000	2.2
Semi-state by sub-sector
Non Commercial Semi-state bodies	13,400	15,200	14,800	15,500	16,700	16,400	16,800	100	0.6
Commercial Semi-state bodies	40,800	44,600	41,400	40,900	41,600	43,700	45,200	3,600	8.7
¹ Source: Earnings, Hours and Employment Costs Survey. Public Sector employment includes all those who received a payment which would include both full-time and part-time employees as well as contract workers. Total public sector numbers are also published by the Department of Public Expenditure and Reform on a quarterly basis. Those differ in coverage from the estimates in the above table as Department of Public Expenditure and Reform estimates are based on full-time equivalents which will change over time based on both changes in working hours and number of persons employed.

Table A1 Estimates of average weekly earnings by broad occupational categories¹
	2021	2022	2022	2023	Quarterly change	Annual change
Occupation by NACE groups	Q1	Q1	Q4	Q1	Quarterly change	Annual change
	€	€	€	€	%	%
Managers, professionals and associated professionals
B-E	1,598.41	1,639.42	1,696.63	1,693.88	-0.2	3.3
B-N, R-S	1,446.96	1,495.39	1,566.50	1,565.99	-0.0	4.7
O-Q	1,331.56	1,300.63	1,362.74	1,394.51	2.3	7.2
Total (B-S)	1,371.67	1,381.16	1,445.98	1,463.87	1.2	6.0
Clerical, sales and service employees
B-E	861.31	911.81	972.53	963.28	-1.0	5.6
B-N, R-S	599.60	617.39	641.85	652.32	1.6	5.7
O-Q	593.57	631.24	664.07	678.76	2.2	7.5
Total (B-S)	588.81	611.35	638.43	650.19	1.8	6.4
Production, transport, craft and other manual workers
B-E	751.63	796.69	840.95	840.04	-0.1	5.4
B-N, R-S	631.91	659.07	706.62	703.00	-0.5	6.7
O-Q	515.96	538.92	584.71	613.50	4.9	13.8
Total (B-S)	596.72	622.28	669.22	671.72	0.4	7.9
¹ These estimates have been generated using a sub sample of EHECS respondents therefore caution is advised when interpreting these results. See background notes.

Table A2 Response rates in selected sectors by quarter¹
		Employer Response Rate %				Respondent Enterprises	Respondent Enterprises	Employee Response Rate %
NACE Principal Activity		Final Q1 2022	Preliminary Q1 2023	Final Q1 2023	Preliminary Q2 2023	Final Q1 2023	Preliminary Q2 2023	Final Q1 2022	Preliminary Q1 2023	Final Q1 2023	Preliminary Q2 2023
B-E	Industry	57.0	49.0	59.8	45.3	684	491	70.9	62.6	76.7	59.2
F	Construction	37.2	34.8	44.8	35.4	193	138	48.3	43.3	54.4	45.3
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	50.4	41.3	47.2	42.2	630	542	71.0	57.1	69.4	63.2
H	Transportation and storage	48.8	38.9	44.4	39.0	128	110	73.3	60.2	78.6	76.0
I	Accommodation and food services	50.1	41.9	50.1	39.5	403	326	66.2	56.5	63.7	54.8
J	Information and communication	61.3	49.5	63.0	51.9	302	241	78.6	62.5	77.1	64.8
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	65.6	54.5	64.5	54.4	254	215	86.9	69.1	83.2	75.5
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	60.8	43.1	47.6	45.4	267	246	76.2	60.4	65.3	51.8
N	Administrative and support services	55.1	42.6	53.4	40.5	294	218	68.0	54.8	69.2	55.2
O	Public administration and defence	89.5	83.6	91.3	84.1	126	116	94.8	95.7	98.2	81.8
P	Education	65.1	55.2	64.6	53.6	148	113	92.6	84.1	91.5	88.0
Q	Human health and social work	68.5	53.8	64.6	51.5	511	408	74.0	62.4	74.7	60.8
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	66.5	53.0	64.9	52.9	220	162	75.8	67.2	75.1	62.8
Total		57.2	46.6	55.6	45.9	4,160	3,326	77.4	67.2	77.7	66.2
¹This table presents the response rates achieved by sector. Greater caution should be taken in the interpretation of estimates for sectors with lower response rates as these sectors could be subject to greater revisions if response levels are increased for final estimates.

Earnings and Labour Costs Q1 2023 (Final) Q2 2023 (Preliminary Estimates)