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Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets 2025

By Asset

Stock of Dwellings increased by 9.8% in 2025

Online ISSN: 2009-5732

CSO statistical release, 10 November 2026, 11am

Figure 2 shows a breakdown of the net capital stock of fixed assets by asset category. Dwellings, excluding land, increased in value by €48 billion (+9.8%) to a total of €532 billion by the end of 2025. Other Buildings & Structures increased in value by €12 billion (+4.0%) to stand at a total of €325 billion. Transport Equipment increased by €2 billion (+1.0%) to a total of €175 billion by the end of the year (see Table 2.1).

Intangible Fixed Assets decreased in value by €5 billion (-1.6%) to a total of €323 billion by the end of 2025. This was driven by a decrease in the value of Research & Development assets by €6 billion (-2.0%) to €323 billion but was partially offset by an increase in the value of Computer Software assets by €1 billion (+9.3%) to a value of €12bn.

X-axis label	Other Assets	Other Machinery & Equipment	Transport Equipment	Other Buildings & Structures	Dwellings, excluding land	Research & Development
2020	9.02041557150008	34.3458638572	156.506698657	215.0717078478	289.2791214627	452.5042522696
2021	9.9434272953996	36.9503995459	155.4934269494	244.18446637	316.12139189	414.532438950401
2022	12.9111302541003	43.0544968397	158.5289567472	280.2059894286	378.0520148156	391.536212411299
2023	13.8817741884002	48.6552848327	171.8176408953	299.1161753554	446.3109308657	368.1892934263
2024	15.0177219831999	54.0328280769	173.052031822	312.8464721428	484.1698867495	316.316733406799
2025	17.4503769663	53.8109960876	174.7683390354	325.2925395048	531.754366042	309.9960573221

Consumption of Fixed Capital

Depreciation in Research & Development assets accounts for nearly 60% of the €126 billion in consumption of fixed capital in 2025 (see Table 2.5). Depreciation in R&D stood at €74 billion in 2025, a decrease of €15 billion (-16.8%).

Consumption of fixed capital in Dwellings, excluding land, stood at €10 billion (+8.8%) while Other Buildings & Structures depreciated by €14 billion (+4.3%).

Transport Equipment assets depreciated by €15 billion (+0.9%) while Other Machinery & Equipment assets depreciated by €7 billion (+3.0%).

Table 2.1 Net Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at current market prices, 2015-2025

Table 2.2 Net Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at constant market prices (base 2024), 2015-2025

Table 2.3 Gross Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at current market prices, 2015-2025

Table 2.4 Gross Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at constant market prices (base 2024), 2015-2025

Table 2.5 Consumption of Fixed Capital by asset type at current market prices, 2015-2025

Table 2.6 Consumption of Fixed Capital by asset type at constant market prices (base 2024), 2015-2025

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Table 2.1 Net Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at current market prices, 2015-2025											€ million
Asset Category	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Dwellings, excluding land	223,254	232,036	239,939	257,322	263,595	289,279	316,121	378,052	446,311	484,170	531,754
Other buildings and structures	135,520	148,844	163,590	182,621	202,860	215,072	244,184	280,206	299,116	312,846	325,293
of which:
Roads	29,584	31,444	33,159	35,532	37,854	39,075	43,513	49,083	51,682	53,332	53,761
Transport equipment	128,797	136,922	151,632	156,013	158,402	156,507	155,493	158,529	171,818	173,052	174,768
Other machinery and equipment	33,973	33,097	33,733	34,282	34,963	34,346	36,950	43,054	48,655	54,033	53,811
of which:
Office machinery and hardware	5,181	5,558	5,633	6,534	6,706	6,082	6,164	6,910	7,374	7,908	9,894
Cultivated assets	2,790	2,463	2,578	2,449	2,426	2,567	2,925	3,290	3,143	3,191	4,553
Intangible fixed assets	292,826	308,903	319,963	327,668	403,057	458,958	421,551	401,158	378,928	328,143	322,894
of which:
Computer software	3,745	4,042	4,228	4,718	5,221	5,881	6,467	9,053	10,197	11,312	12,364
Research and development	288,239	304,121	315,027	322,308	397,200	452,504	414,532	391,536	368,189	316,317	309,996

Total	817,160	862,266	911,435	960,355	1,065,303	1,156,728	1,177,226	1,264,289	1,347,971	1,355,436	1,413,073
Source: CSO, Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets

Table 2.2 Net Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at constant market prices (base 2024), 2015-2025											€ million
Asset Category	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Dwellings, excluding land	429,347	429,766	432,252	436,747	441,163	445,021	451,417	460,616	472,936	484,170	497,719
Other buildings and structures	243,845	252,047	261,319	271,320	282,510	290,876	297,757	303,193	308,044	312,846	318,138
of which:
Roads	53,231	53,247	52,968	52,790	52,717	52,848	53,059	53,109	53,225	53,332	52,578
Transport equipment	162,153	170,648	186,486	190,002	190,755	186,186	180,345	173,202	176,553	173,052	170,979
Other machinery and equipment	33,271	34,575	35,035	37,213	38,567	39,088	41,034	45,109	49,929	54,033	58,825
of which:
Office machinery and hardware	4,404	4,737	4,659	5,625	6,253	5,969	6,633	6,783	7,380	7,908	10,260
Cultivated assets	3,240	3,296	3,378	3,346	3,376	3,381	3,405	3,366	3,300	3,191	3,185
Intangible fixed assets	256,561	279,536	298,660	316,515	401,868	474,373	445,569	413,577	386,851	328,143	319,483
of which:
Computer software	5,955	6,429	6,667	7,007	7,307	7,965	8,288	10,524	11,129	11,312	12,214
Research and development	249,388	272,080	291,008	308,685	393,777	465,728	436,668	402,451	375,167	316,317	306,779

Total	1,128,417	1,169,867	1,217,131	1,255,143	1,358,238	1,438,924	1,419,527	1,399,063	1,397,614	1,355,436	1,368,329
Source: CSO, Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets

Table 2.3 Gross Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at current market prices, 2015-2025											€ million
Asset Category	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Dwellings, excluding land	289,580	303,117	315,073	339,342	348,967	384,176	420,848	503,631	593,555	643,557	705,731
Other buildings and structures	223,016	245,588	270,131	301,794	335,044	356,347	406,992	470,644	506,217	533,585	558,736
of which:
Roads	45,460	49,055	52,612	57,288	61,958	64,816	73,087	83,565	89,121	93,129	95,699
Transport equipment	186,257	202,415	226,466	240,734	253,435	261,715	271,900	290,363	320,007	332,648	344,340
Other machinery and equipment	70,779	68,982	70,772	70,157	71,268	70,693	75,320	85,476	94,075	103,173	101,871
of which:
Office machinery and hardware	12,327	13,157	13,749	14,708	14,956	14,460	14,352	16,417	17,289	18,433	20,971
Cultivated assets	2,797	2,470	2,587	2,458	2,436	2,579	2,939	3,304	3,157	3,206	4,568
Intangible fixed assets	367,058	420,086	473,498	524,826	645,527	758,061	781,122	840,274	890,779	738,851	745,066
of which:
Computer software	8,748	9,751	10,711	12,293	13,817	15,252	16,905	21,563	25,082	29,228	32,076
Research and development	355,771	408,014	460,655	510,535	629,807	741,054	762,524	817,047	864,108	708,109	711,437

Total	1,139,487	1,242,658	1,358,528	1,479,311	1,656,677	1,833,571	1,959,121	2,193,693	2,407,791	2,355,020	2,460,313
Source: CSO, Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets

Table 2.4 Gross Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at constant market prices (base 2024)											€ million
Asset Category	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Dwellings, excluding land	557,582	562,028	567,983	576,218	584,165	591,130	601,083	613,694	629,004	643,557	660,512
Other buildings and structures	401,911	416,501	431,923	448,733	466,944	482,217	496,516	509,386	521,408	533,585	546,372
of which:
Roads	81,798	83,067	84,043	85,113	86,286	87,662	89,122	90,420	91,781	93,129	93,594
Transport equipment	233,869	251,808	278,149	292,867	304,856	311,089	315,241	317,115	328,704	332,648	336,983
Other machinery and equipment	68,363	70,859	72,349	75,640	78,339	80,216	83,661	89,421	96,465	103,173	111,009
of which:
Office machinery and hardware	10,524	11,255	11,486	12,801	13,963	14,208	15,405	16,141	17,305	18,433	21,738
Cultivated assets	3,250	3,306	3,390	3,357	3,388	3,394	3,419	3,380	3,315	3,206	3,200
Intangible fixed assets	347,494	401,345	457,393	517,380	651,141	788,863	829,004	867,192	911,225	738,851	741,654
of which:
Computer software	13,913	15,509	16,891	18,257	19,338	20,659	21,666	25,067	27,375	29,228	31,686
Research and development	329,819	382,505	437,466	496,483	629,412	766,089	805,444	840,361	882,223	708,109	708,536

Total	1,612,470	1,705,849	1,811,187	1,914,195	2,088,834	2,256,909	2,328,925	2,400,189	2,490,121	2,355,020	2,399,730
Source: CSO, Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets

Table 2.5 Consumption of Fixed Capital by asset type at current market prices, 2015-2025											€ million
Asset Category	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Dwellings, excluding land	4,388	4,660	4,765	5,199	5,370	5,642	6,257	7,531	8,522	9,216	10,121
Other buildings and structures	5,935	6,566	7,125	8,030	8,897	9,246	10,565	12,222	12,809	13,369	13,949
of which:
Roads	1,003	1,066	1,127	1,207	1,284	1,323	1,472	1,663	1,750	1,806	1,835
Transport equipment	10,301	11,207	12,302	13,076	13,378	13,346	13,261	13,643	14,383	14,741	14,874
Other machinery and equipment	4,591	4,616	4,776	4,718	4,927	4,880	5,021	5,742	6,318	7,010	7,222
of which:
Office machinery and hardware	1,697	1,790	1,884	1,983	2,133	2,077	1,960	2,284	2,365	2,555	2,928
Cultivated assets	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2
Intangible fixed assets	35,531	42,337	49,178	54,524	60,158	76,269	80,723	86,893	91,393	94,625	80,070
of which:
Computer software	1,667	1,950	2,080	2,306	2,561	2,823	3,176	4,052	4,967	5,619	5,963
Research and development	33,426	39,990	46,739	51,870	57,270	73,137	77,254	82,552	86,140	88,737	73,831

Total	60,747	69,387	78,146	85,549	92,731	109,385	115,829	126,032	133,427	138,963	126,237
Source: CSO, Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets

Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets 2025

By Asset

By Asset

Stock of Dwellings increased by 9.8% in 2025

Consumption of Fixed Capital

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Table 2.6 Consumption of Fixed Capital by asset type at constant market prices (base 2024), 2015-2025											€ million
Asset Category	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Dwellings, excluding land	9,120	9,240	8,959	9,084	9,107	8,802	9,052	9,248	9,071	9,216	9,425
Other buildings and structures	11,310	11,751	11,794	12,287	12,738	12,775	13,115	13,356	13,273	13,369	13,568
of which:
Roads	1,805	1,805	1,800	1,793	1,788	1,789	1,795	1,799	1,802	1,806	1,795
Transport equipment	12,885	13,887	15,051	15,853	16,025	15,811	15,349	14,871	14,742	14,741	14,600
Other machinery and equipment	4,250	4,480	4,608	4,859	5,216	5,340	5,526	5,907	6,439	7,010	7,799
of which:
Office machinery and hardware	1,452	1,527	1,569	1,717	1,983	2,040	2,105	2,243	2,367	2,555	3,035
Cultivated assets	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
Intangible fixed assets	34,078	41,756	48,454	54,493	61,897	80,163	85,906	89,863	93,715	94,625	79,561
of which:
Computer software	2,651	3,101	3,280	3,425	3,585	3,824	4,070	4,710	5,421	5,619	5,891
Research and development	30,786	38,093	44,669	50,614	57,907	75,969	81,510	84,847	88,001	88,737	73,417

Total	71,644	81,115	88,868	96,577	104,984	122,892	128,950	133,247	137,242	138,963	124,955
Source: CSO, Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets