Taxes on production are a small proportion of all taxes (4% in 2023). Half of this category is accounted for by taxes on land, buildings, or other structures. Commercial rates, collected by local authorities, are the largest tax in this category and it raised €1.7 billion in 2023. The COVID-19 support measures included a waiver on commercial rates for many businesses and explains the lower amount collected in 2020 and 2021. The National Training Fund Levy (NTF) is the next largest tax in this category and it has increased substantially since 2015, which is due to NTF rate increases and high employment. There is a decrease in the Public Service Obligation Levy in 2023 which is due to higher wholesale electricity prices so a lower subsidy to the PSO supported generators is required. The Cap on Market Revenues is a once off tax introduced by the EU as part of an emergency intervention to address high energy prices due to the impact of the war in Ukraine.
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