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Distribution Analysis

Distribution Analysis

Wealthiest 20% of households almost four times more likely to have received an inheritance or gift compared to the least wealthy 20% of households

CSO statistical publication, , 11am

Households were ranked from lowest to highest net wealth and were divided into five equally sized groups called quintiles, so that the lowest quintile represents the 20% of households with the lowest wealth and so on. The higher a household's net wealth the more likely they were to have received an inheritance or gift. Of the least wealthy 20% of households (Quintile 1) 16% received an inheritance or gift. This increased to 63% of households who received a transfer among the wealthiest 20% of households (Quintile 5).

Ranking households from lowest gross income to highest gross income and dividing households into five equally sized quintile groups shows that households in income Quintile 4 and Quintile 5 were the most likely to have received an inheritance or gift (39% and 41% respectively). But, unlike net wealth, there is not a clear relationship throughout the income distribution between household income and the likelihood of receiving an intergenerational wealth transfer, as households in income Quintile 1 were more likely to have received a transfer than those in Quintile 2. Of households in Quintile 1, 35% have received an inheritance or gift, which is higher than the 32% that received in Quintile 2. This is likely due to the composition of this bottom income quintile, which includes many older households whose main source of income is the state pension but have had longer to accumulate inheritances and gifts over their lifetime. See Figure 3.1 and Table 3.1.

X-axis labelIncome distribution quintileWealth distribution quintile
Quintile 13516
Quintile 23228
Quintile 33533
Quintile 43942
Quintile 54163
Table 3.1 Participation in intergenerational wealth transfers by income and wealth distributions 2020 (%)

There is similarly a positive relationship between net wealth and the value of intergenerational wealth transfers. Recipient households in Quintile 1 have the lowest median value of inheritances and gifts of €6,700. The value of transfers increase to a median value of €189,700 in Quintile 5.  See Figure 3.2 and Table 3.2.

X-axis labelQuintile 1Quintile 2Quintile 3Quintile 4Quintile 5
Inheritances or Gifts6700236007120064900189700
Inheritances24100448008610077200192400
Gifts60010100293002700045400
Table 3.2 Median value of intergenerational wealth transfers by income and wealth distributions 2020 (€)

Assessing the types of assets transferred across the net wealth distribution, it is evident from Figure 3.3 that the likelihood of having received money tends to decrease as households move up the wealth distribution, except for Quintile 4. After Quintile 1 the likelihood of receiving a household main residence (HMR) stays about level across the rest of the wealth distribution.

For intergenerational transfers of land and non-HMR dwellings there is a clear positive trajectory in the likelihood of receiving these assets as households move up the wealth distribution. See Figure 3.3 and Table 3.3.

X-axis labelQuintile 1Quintile 2Quintile 3Quintile 4Quintile 5
Money7660516251
Household Main Residence (HMR)522312224
Dwellings excluding HMR'S1016131825
Land45151633
Business, securities, shares, life insurance and valuables22213
Vehicles & Other assets11113
Table 3.3 Participation in and median value of intergenerational wealth transfers by type of transfer and wealth distribution quintile, 2020 (€)

In terms of the value of assets transferred though inheritances or gifts, the median value of each of the assets presented in Figure 3.4 increases as households move up the wealth distribution. See Figure 3.4 and Table 3.3.

X-axis labelQuintile 1Quintile 2Quintile 3Quintile 4Quintile 5
Money340013000231003470072600
Household Main Residence (HMR)090800150000271000250000
Dwellings excluding HMR's03410049800102000175600
Land0044900118400317200