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Fossil Fuel Subsidies 2020

Key Findings

COVID-19 Release Information

This release contains data on fossil fuel subsidies in 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consumption of fossil fuels used for transport fell in 2020 due to the pandemic, resulting in a decrease in fossil fuel subsidies in 2020.

Petrol taxed at €267 per tonne of carbon dioxide in 2020

Online ISSN: 2737-7334

CSO statistical publication, 27 April 2022, 11am

Key Findings

In 2020, consumers of petrol paid an average effective rate of €267 per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted.
The average effective carbon rate on autodiesel was €190 per tonne of carbon dioxide in 2020.
Carbon dioxide emissions from jet kerosene were charged at €0.09 per tonne due to the tax exemption for commercial aviation.
In 2020, total energy taxes on petrol were 63 cent per litre while total energy taxes on autodiesel were 51 cent per litre.
Fossil fuel subsidies were estimated at €2.2 billion in 2020 compared with €2.8 billion in value in 2019. The decrease was mainly due to the reduction in the use of international aviation fuel during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Direct fossil fuel subsidies accounted for 13% of total fossil fuel subsidies in 2020 while indirect subsidies arising from revenue foregone due to tax abatements accounted for 87%.
In 2020, €2.8 billion was raised in energy taxes, €0.4 billion was spent on environmental subsidies related to energy and emissions, and fossil fuel subsidies were €2.2 billion.

Statistician's Comment

Commenting on the release Clare O’Hara, Statistician in the Environment and Climate Division, said: “Total fossil fuel subsidies in 2020 were €2.2 billion. In 2019 total fossil fuel subsidies were €2.8 billion. The decrease from 2019 to 2020 was mainly due to the reduction in consumption of fossil fuels for transport, in particular aviation, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Jet kerosene used for commercial aviation is exempt from excise and carbon taxes. Using the excise duty for heavy oil used for air navigation as a benchmark, the CSO estimates that the amount of revenue foregone in 2020 on jet kerosene due to the tax exemption was €234 million. This compares with €634 million in 2019, before the pandemic.

Using the petrol excise duty rate as a benchmark, we estimated the amount of revenue foregone on autodiesel in 2020 due to a lower excise duty rate as €338 million, compared with €400 million in 2019.

The average effective carbon rate of a fuel is defined as net energy tax receipts divided by total tonnes of carbon dioxide emitted through combustion of the fuel. The energy taxes included are Excise Duty, Carbon Tax, Electricity Tax, the National Oil Reserves Agency (NORA) Levy, the Public Service Obligation (PSO) Levy and emission permit purchases under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme.

We found that the highest average effective carbon rate per tonne of carbon dioxide in 2020 was €267 for petrol. The average effective carbon rate for autodiesel was 29% lower at €190 per tonne of carbon dioxide due to the lower excise duty rate applied to this fuel. The average effective carbon rate for marked gas oil, sometimes referred to as ‘green diesel’, used in agriculture, forestry and fishing was €40 per tonne of carbon dioxide.”

Fuel	2020
Road - Petrol	266.919
Road - Diesel	189.812
Rail - Diesel	49.5109
Jet Kerosene	0.092
Aviation Gasoline	186.655
Marine - Diesel	8.02509750883602
Marine - Fuel Oil	0
Electricity Generation	6.97201497214745
Industry	15.6596256358512
Services	29.1187615341433
Agriculture and Fishing	40.3301303071364
Household Heating	27.1961349479694
Electricity Consumption	30.9740722404496

Figure 1 shows a comparison of average effective carbon rates by sector in 2020. Average effective carbon rates by sector for 2000-2020 are provided in Tables 1A and 1B. The highest effective carbon rate in 2020 was on petrol. Differences in effective carbon rates in different sectors are mainly due to different excise rates applied to fossil fuels used for different purposes, e.g. transport or heating, and exemptions from energy taxes for specific uses such as commercial aviation and electricity generation.

Table 2 shows energy taxes per litre on selected fuels. In 2020, energy taxes on petrol were 63 cent per litre, of which 55 cent was excise duty (excluding carbon tax), 6 cent was carbon tax and 2 cent was the NORA Levy.

Year	Fossil Fuel Subsidies (billion euro)	WPI Energy Products 2015=100
2000	1.5347	59.825
2001	1.6164	59.7
2002	1.715	63.4083333333333
2003	1.6208	67.3083333333333
2004	1.8856	72.1833333333333
2005	2.407	82.375
2006	2.5504	89.3833333333333
2007	2.1477	97.5
2008	2.672	105.575
2009	2.2609	98.4083333333333
2010	2.3687	101.408333333333
2011	2.2902	106.008333333333
2012	2.3291	108.466666666667
2013	2.2854	111.516666666667
2014	2.4318	110.058333333333
2015	2.4416	100
2016	2.3723	86.675
2017	2.5319	93.6083333333333
2018	2.798	114.475
2019	2.802	97.8916666666667
2020	2.1538	78.0666666666667

Fossil fuel subsidies were estimated at €2.2 billion in 2020 (see Figure 2 and Table 3). In 2000 - the first year of the series - total fossil fuel subsidies were estimated at €1.5 billion in value. This increased to €2.7 billion in 2008. Between 2009 and 2016 the value was estimated as between €2.2 billion and €2.5 billion. Total fossil fuel subsidies increased in value in 2017, 2018 and 2019, reaching €2.8 billion in 2019. In 2020 fossil fuel subsidies were €2.2 billion, with the reduction in transport fossil fuel consumption due to the COVID-19 pandemic accounting for the decrease.

The wholesale price index for energy products is shown alongside total fossil fuel subsidies in current prices in Figure 2.

Year	Direct Subsidies	Indirect Subsidies
2000	0.079	1.4557
2001	0.0812	1.5352
2002	0.1008	1.6142
2003	0.149	1.4718
2004	0.1877	1.6979
2005	0.2316	2.1754
2006	0.225	2.3254
2007	0.2001	1.9476
2008	0.2248	2.4472
2009	0.3485	1.9124
2010	0.3571	2.0116
2011	0.3408	1.9494
2012	0.3891	1.94
2013	0.3907	1.8947
2014	0.4557	1.9761
2015	0.3903	2.0513
2016	0.3519	2.0204
2017	0.3543	2.1776
2018	0.305	2.493
2019	0.2641	2.5379
2020	0.2876	1.8662

Direct fossil fuel subsidies accounted for 13% of total fossil fuel subsidies in 2020 while indirect subsidies arising from revenue foregone due to tax abatements accounted for 87% (see Table 3). Figure 3 shows the value of direct and indirect fossil fuel subsidies from 2000-2020. Tables 4A, 4B, 5A and 5B provide a list of individual direct and indirect subsidies from 2000-2020.

	Energy Taxes	Environmental Subsidies (Energy and Emissions)	Fossil Fuel Subsidies
2000	1.491339	0.000493	1.5347
2001	1.435771	0.00075645	1.6164
2002	1.674053	0.00335384	1.715
2003	1.762909	0.01320773	1.6207
2004	2.083833	0.02309948	1.8857
2005	2.212724	0.0218997	2.407
2006	2.247115	0.01815987	2.5504
2007	2.25111	0.05133702	2.1477
2008	2.250213	0.05664931	2.672
2009	2.267246299	0.05843038	2.261
2010	2.52048882499997	0.18371902	2.3687
2011	2.691957596	0.1683667	2.2902
2012	2.634405171	0.1218654	2.3292
2013	2.72134076559478	0.1280584	2.2854
2014	2.84019626999992	0.1501448	2.4318
2015	3.042883324	0.2155571	2.4416
2016	3.13525459166667	0.2966448	2.3723
2017	3.25800358066667	0.4116435	2.5319
2018	3.17604088633333	0.5580146	2.798
2019	3.015239845	0.3951095	2.802
2020	2.78057278166667	0.3973222	2.1538

Figure 4 shows a comparison of the amount raised in energy taxes with expenditure on fossil fuel subsidies and expenditure on environmental subsidies aimed at protecting the air and climate, and reducing fossil fuel use.

In 2020, €2.8 billion was raised in energy taxes, €0.4 billion was spent on environmental subsidies related to energy and air emissions, and fossil fuel subsidies were €2.2 billion.

Table 1A Average Effective Carbon Rate by Sector, 2010-2020

Table 1B Average Effective Carbon Rate by Sector, 2000-2009

Table 2 Energy Taxes per Litre on Selected Fuels, 2020

Table 3 Fossil Fuel Subsidies by Type, 2000-2020

Table 4A Direct Fossil Fuel Subsidies, 2010-2020

Table 4B Direct Fossil Fuel Subsidies, 2000-2009

Table 5A Indirect Fossil Fuel Subsidies (Tax Expenditures), 2010-2020

Table 5A Indirect Fossil Fuel Subsidies (Tax Expenditures), 2010-2020
€m
Indirect Fossil Fuel Subsidies	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
Total	2,001.3	1,942.6	1,935.2	1,889.3	1,973.7	2,051.1	2,020.4	2,177.6	2,493.0	2,537.9	1,866.2

Fossil Fuel Production
Revenue Foregone: Royalties on Gas and Oil Production	..	..	..	..	..	0.0	50.2	71.0	90.6	43.7	23.9

Road Transport Fuels
Revenue Foregone: Excise Duty on Autodiesel	240.6	283.3	276.9	290.9	309.4	337.5	362.0	388.2	390.1	399.9	338.2
Autodiesel VAT Refund	273.9	259.8	296.8	312.7	307.0	299.3	241.7	236.7	284.6	281.3	243.9
Diesel Rebate Scheme	–	–	–	1.1	26.4	9.7	0.6	1.3	3.5	10.3	8.2
Fuel Excise Repayment for Disabled Drivers/Passengers	5.1	7.4	7.8	7.7	7.6	5.3	–	–	–	–	–
Revenue Foregone: Excise Duty on Auto LPG	0.2	0.2	0.4	1.0	1.8	2.1	2.1	1.9	1.5	1.4	1.0

Other Transport Fuels & Fuels used in Industry
Jet Kerosene Excise Exemption	418.7	386.1	332.7	383.5	425.0	481.0	493.4	580.2	626.7	633.9	233.6
Jet Kerosene VAT Exemption	84.6	100.0	101.6	108.0	111.7	89.6	73.1	105.4	140.9	139.4	31.5
Aviation Gasoline Excise Repayment	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	0.1	0.0	0.2
Free ETS Emission Permits: Aircraft Operators	–	–	50.6	23.7	31.9	40.9	28.4	31.0	85.2	132.3	131.8
Fuel Excise Repayment for Commercial Sea Navigation	5.0	7.9	9.5	9.9	11.4	10.8	12.3	11.6	13.1	13.3	16.6
Marine Diesel Scheme (VAT)	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Free ETS Emission Permits: Stationary Installations	302.1	271.6	160.0	23.5	28.4	40.9	27.7	29.9	78.7	120.8	116.8
Fuel Oil Excise Exemption for Manufacture of Alumina	3.3	2.2	1.3	1.3	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Revenue Foregone: Excise Duty on Fuel Oil	61.6	42.7	38.4	34.8	29.6	27.7	27.3	28.6	24.8	22.8	20.8
Carbon Tax Repayments	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.9	5.7	5.5	7.0
NORA Levy Exemptions	25.5	21.6	19.4	21.7	23.4	26.5	26.9	29.9	31.4	32.2	12.4
Revenue Foregone: Excise Duty on Marked Gas Oil	235.4	229.8	239.1	255.0	263.8	263.9	274.1	270.4	285.9	287.6	296.5
Fuel Excise Repayment for Horticulture	0.1	0.7	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Relief for Increase in Carbon Tax on Farm Diesel	–	–	2.1	2.7	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.5	2.7	2.7	2.7

Fuels used for Heating
Revenue Foregone: Excise Duty on Kerosene	90.6	72.8	55.9	52.2	49.1	57.3	58.6	61.7	64.1	59.8	70.1
Revenue Foregone: Excise Duty on Other LPG	29.0	27.0	34.2	42.5	48.4	50.0	56.7	66.4	70.1	72.7	71.0
Reduced VAT Rate on Energy Products	213.1	217.4	296.8	305.5	284.7	294.8	271.7	249.0	282.4	267.7	234.7

Electricity Consumption
Electricity Excise Exemption: Domestic Use	7.2	6.8	6.5	6.3	5.9	5.9	5.8	5.6	5.5	5.2	5.3
Revenue Foregone: Excise Duty on Business Electricity Use	5.2	5.1	5.0	5.0	5.2	5.3	5.4	5.2	5.3	5.3	0.0
.. Not available
– Scheme not in operation or no payments made

Open in Excel: Fossil Fuel Subsidies 2020 Table 5A (XLS 13KB)

Table 5B Indirect Fossil Fuel Subsidies (Tax Expenditures), 2000-2009

Table 5B Indirect Fossil Fuel Subsidies (Tax Expenditures), 2000-2009
€m
Indirect Fossil Fuel Subsidies	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
Total	1,455.7	1,535.1	1,614.2	1,471.7	1,698.0	2,175.4	2,325.4	1,947.6	2,447.2	1,912.4

Fossil Fuel Production
Revenue Foregone: Royalties on Gas and Oil Production	–	–	–	8.0	4.5	..	..	..	..	..

Road Transport Fuels
Revenue Foregone: Excise Duty on Autodiesel	96.9	213.8	225.0	171.6	182.4	193.7	211.7	225.8	220.9	270.3
Autodiesel VAT Refund	138.4	117.7	144.5	165.2	191.5	230.9	237.7	252.4	369.8	255.9
Fuel Excise Repayment for Disabled Drivers/Passengers	2.6	2.6	3.2	3.6	4.2	4.8	5.2	5.5	6.0	6.9
Revenue Foregone: Excise Duty on Auto LPG	1.1	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.2

Other Transport Fuels & Fuels used in Industry
Jet Kerosene Excise Exemption	241.9	222.6	286.5	303.0	323.4	373.2	430.2	454.5	422.6	371.4
Jet Kerosene VAT Exemption	39.3	40.1	38.9	38.0	46.8	76.7	100.4	106.4	129.5	60.9
Fuel Excise Repayment for Commercial Sea Navigation	0.8	1.0	1.6	2.1	3.0	2.7	4.4	3.5	3.6	3.5
Marine Diesel Scheme (VAT)	–	–	–	–	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.1
Free ETS Emission Permits: Stationary Installations	–	–	–	–	–	335.9	354.4	23.7	480.7	276.0
Fuel Oil Excise Exemption for Manufacture of Alumina	4.9	4.6	4.4	4.8	4.4	5.1	3.8	3.3	3.1	2.0
Revenue Foregone: Excise Duty on Fuel Oil	509.1	522.9	454.7	300.4	399.4	390.4	369.4	237.6	176.3	67.6
NORA Levy Exemptions	0.0	11.5	10.0	8.5	9.1	9.5	9.8	18.0	16.3	13.1
Revenue Foregone: Excise Duty on Marked Gas Oil	229.5	217.4	239.9	249.3	291.8	293.6	306.7	290.2	268.4	269.8
Fuel Excise Repayment for Horticulture	0.3	0.2	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2

Fuels used for Heating
Revenue Foregone: Excise Duty on Kerosene	31.3	33.9	34.4	33.5	35.2	33.0	49.0	63.7	64.7	64.6
Revenue Foregone: Excise Duty on Other LPG	41.6	37.0	39.3	39.0	41.9	39.1	40.3	41.9	35.8	23.4
Reduced VAT Rate on Energy Products	100.1	90.7	112.0	124.3	140.4	166.0	181.2	200.5	228.7	213.8

Electricity Consumption
Electricity Excise Exemption: Domestic Use	6.1	6.4	6.3	6.6	6.9	7.0	7.4	7.3	7.6	7.0
Revenue Foregone: Excise Duty on Business Electricity Use	11.7	11.8	12.4	12.8	12.2	12.7	13.0	12.6	12.4	5.6
.. Not available
– Scheme not in operation or no payments made

Open in Excel: Fossil Fuel Subsidies 2020 Table 5B (XLS 13KB)

Table 6A Excise Fuel Volumes, 2010-2020

Table 6B Excise Fuel Volumes, 2000-2009

Table 7 Emission Factors and Conversion Factors by Fuel

Table 8A Energy Tax Rates, 2010-2020

Table 8A Energy Tax Rates, 2010-2020
	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
Excise Duty, excluding Carbon Tax, on Hydrocarbons (€ per 1000 litres)
Unleaded Petrol¹	508.79	541.84	541.84	541.84	541.84	541.84	541.84	541.84	541.84	541.84	541.84
Autodiesel¹	408.78	425.30	425.72	425.72	425.72	425.72	425.72	425.72	425.72	425.72	425.72
Auto Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)	63.59	63.59	63.59	63.59	63.59	63.59	63.59	63.59	63.59	63.59	63.59
Marked Gas Oil	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36
Fuel Oil	14.78	14.78	14.78	14.78	14.78	14.78	14.78	14.78	14.78	14.78	14.78
Kerosene	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Other Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Excise Duty on Coal (€ per tonne)
Coal (business use)	4.18	4.18	4.18	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Coal (non-business use)	8.36	8.36	8.36	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Electricity Tax (€ per Megawatt-hour)
Non-business Use	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Business Use	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	1.00

Carbon Tax on Hydrocarbons (€ per 1000 litres)²
Unleaded Petrol	34.38	34.38	45.87	45.87	45.87	45.87	45.87	45.87	45.87	45.87	59.85
Autodiesel	40.40	40.40	53.30	53.30	53.30	53.30	53.30	53.30	53.30	53.30	69.18
Auto Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)	24.64	24.64	32.86	32.86	32.86	32.86	32.86	32.86	32.86	32.86	42.48
Marked Gas Oil	41.30	41.30	54.92	54.92	54.92	54.92	54.92	54.92	54.92	54.92	70.42
Fuel Oil	45.95	45.95	61.75	61.75	61.75	61.75	61.75	61.75	61.75	61.75	80.27
Kerosene	38.02	38.02	50.73	50.73	50.73	50.73	50.73	50.73	50.73	50.73	65.74
Other Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)	24.64	24.64	32.86	32.86	32.86	32.86	32.86	32.86	32.86	32.86	42.48

Solid Fuel Carbon Tax (€ per tonne CO₂)³
Coal	-	-	-	10.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	26.00
Peat	-	-	-	10.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	26.00

Natural Gas Carbon Tax (€ per tonne CO₂)²	15.00	15.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	26.00

NORA Levy (€ per 1,000 litres)	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00

PSO Levy⁴
Domestic (€/customer)	0.00	32.76	19.33	30.73	42.87	64.37	60.09	70.75	92.28	41.76	34.08
Small non-Domestic (€/customer)	0.00	99.03	57.22	94.70	129.83	221.66	214.50	248.78	318.60	143.64	124.20
Medium/Large commercial (€/kVa)	0.00	13.82	8.58	13.47	18.47	34.20	33.14	40.01	43.68	15.84	14.64
¹The Excise rate on petrol and autodiesel changed on 7/12/2010
²Introduced on petrol and autodiesel on 10/12/2009 and increased on 10/12/2011, 8/10/2019 and 12/10/2020; introduced on LPG, Marked Gas Oil, Fuel Oil, Kerosene and Natural Gas on 1/5/2010 and increased on 1/5/2012 and 1/5/2020
³Introduced on 1/5/2013 and increased on 1/5/2014 and 1/5/2020
⁴The PSO Levy rates are applied from October 1^st of the previous year to September 30th of the year under which the rate is shown. For example, the rates shown under 2010 cover 1/10/2009 until 30/09/2010

Open in Excel: Fossil Fuel Subsidies 2020 Table 8A (XLS 13KB)

Table 8B Energy Tax Rates, 2000-2009

Table 8B Energy Tax Rates, 2000-2009
	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
Excise Duty on Hydrocarbons
€ per 1000 litres
Unleaded Petrol^{1 9}	373.94	348.54	401.36	401.36	442.68	442.68	442.68	442.68	442.68	508.79
Autodiesel^{1 9}	325.30	249.10	301.94	326.73	368.05	368.05	368.05	368.05	368.05	409.20
Auto Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)³	53.01	53.01	53.01	53.01	53.01	63.59	63.59	63.59	63.59	63.59
Marked Gas Oil	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36	47.36
Fuel Oil³	13.45	13.45	13.45	13.45	13.45	14.78	14.78	14.78	14.78	14.78
Kerosene⁴	31.74	31.74	31.74	31.74	31.74	31.74	16.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Other Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)^{3 4}	18.15	18.15	18.15	18.15	18.15	20.86	10.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
€ per tonne
Coal (business use)⁵	-	-	-	-	-	4.18	4.18	4.18	4.18	4.18
Coal (non-business use)⁵	-	-	-	-	-	8.36	8.36	8.36	8.36	8.36

Electricity Tax (€ per Megawatt-hour)⁶
Non-business Use	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.00
Business Use	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.50

NORA Levy (€ per 1,000 litres)⁷	-	4.76	4.76	4.76	4.76	4.76	4.76	10.00	10.00	10.00

PSO Levy⁸
Domestic (€/customer)	-	-	-	11.49	18.16	23.84	9.68	0.00	0.00	0.00
Small non-Domestic (€/customer)	-	-	-	35.67	54.98	74.15	30.65	0.00	0.00	0.00
Medium/Large commercial (€/kVa)	-	-	-	5.94	9.96	13.44	5.28	0.00	0.00	0.00
¹The petrol rate changed on 6/12/2000, 5/12/2001, 3/12/2003 and 15/10/2008
²The autodiesel rate changed on 6/12/2000, 5/12/2001, 4/12/2002, 3/12/2003 and 8/4/2009
³The auto LPG, other LPG and fuel oil rates changed on 1/4/2005
⁴The Excise rate changed on 7/12/2005 and 1/1/2007
⁵With effect from 1/7/2005
⁶With effect from 1/10/2008
⁷The NORA Levy was €10 per 1,000 litres from 1/4/2007 until 30/9/2009
⁸PSO Levy rates were annual until 2008. The rate for 2009 was applied from 1/10/2008 until 30/09/2009
⁹Carbon Tax was introduced on petrol and autodiesel on 10/12/2009. It is not included in this table but is shown in Table 4A Energy Taxes, 2010-2020

Open in Excel: Fossil Fuel Subsidies 2020 Table 8B (XLS 12KB)

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Table 1A Average Effective Carbon Rate by Sector, 2010-2020
€ per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted
Sector	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
Road Transport	199.14	206.74	210.12	208.85	204.23	204.05	202.56	187.59	199.51	198.38	203.36
Petrol	238.71	252.56	257.46	257.24	255.90	257.02	255.99	239.02	257.99	258.58	266.92
Autodiesel	172.98	178.07	182.97	184.04	180.72	182.96	183.88	171.88	183.89	183.47	189.81
Auto LPG	47.63	53.37	58.54	61.26	60.73	61.56	61.82	59.20	59.53	53.65	55.38

Aviation	0.59	0.45	0.40	0.40	0.31	0.30	0.31	0.25	0.21	0.25	0.45
Jet Kerosene	0.35	0.19	0.14	0.12	0.11	0.10	0.10	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09
Aviation Gasoline	201.48	212.97	215.53	210.16	204.08	215.09	214.61	211.56	209.57	241.53	186.66

Rail Transport	26.28	30.40	31.31	39.90	41.89	45.64	44.09	38.55	43.17	40.36	47.64
Diesel	30.64	33.36	35.59	43.65	43.80	46.24	45.15	36.80	42.60	42.75	49.51
Electricity	4.27	14.11	10.10	17.24	30.36	42.22	38.59	48.66	46.74	23.04	34.87

Water Transport	4.81	5.63	4.84	5.01	5.98	5.63	6.21	4.63	6.16	7.13	7.69
Marine Diesel	5.98	6.54	5.57	5.51	6.65	6.00	6.50	4.93	6.60	7.47	8.03
Residual Fuel Oil	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Electricity Generation	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.85	4.92	4.66	4.37	4.77	5.51	6.31	6.97

Industry	6.44	10.01	9.75	13.12	13.73	14.30	14.08	13.06	12.97	13.12	15.66

Services	14.36	21.86	22.83	27.03	27.28	28.29	27.63	25.09	24.64	24.65	29.12

Agriculture and Fishing	40.82	36.30	35.25	39.48	39.28	41.75	41.62	34.21	38.42	39.31	40.33

Household Heating	12.04	18.93	19.99	22.01	22.29	24.24	23.77	23.47	24.49	24.00	27.20

Electricity Consumption	3.61	12.87	8.94	14.64	23.29	30.03	28.89	37.83	42.85	24.43	30.97

Table 1B Average Effective Carbon Rate by Sector, 2000-2009
€ per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted
Sector	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
Road Transport	136.59	118.90	138.40	143.80	158.89	158.09	157.81	159.00	160.73	177.90
Petrol	159.03	151.11	172.25	172.84	189.89	189.71	189.00	191.96	196.64	219.86
Autodiesel	116.76	91.81	110.50	120.35	134.54	133.93	135.36	136.30	136.16	149.20
Auto LPG	52.77	33.65	30.41	30.50	28.21	35.82	40.26	40.53	39.37	37.47

Aviation	0.62	0.44	0.47	0.54	0.63	0.61	0.59	0.53	0.52	0.65
Jet Kerosene	0.45	0.28	0.32	0.37	0.41	0.43	0.43	0.37	0.38	0.44
Aviation Gasoline	78.52	79.53	88.49	91.33	100.72	100.02	100.99	101.22	100.11	185.36

Rail Transport	16.41	16.51	14.98	16.74	16.93	16.04	14.98	15.38	13.60	13.91
Diesel	19.08	19.09	17.16	18.12	19.22	18.40	18.11	18.70	16.48	16.38
Electricity	0.00	0.00	0.00	5.17	7.19	8.35	3.64	0.00	0.00	0.96

Water Transport	1.73	1.48	2.03	2.27	3.91	4.52	5.34	5.14	6.13	5.58
Marine Diesel	2.19	1.83	2.87	3.25	5.14	5.36	7.00	8.31	9.24	7.00
Residual Fuel Oil	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Electricity Generation	0.99	1.07	0.84	0.53	0.72	1.08	1.00	0.80	0.31	0.00

Industry	3.58	6.14	5.56	4.99	4.94	5.21	4.95	5.81	3.85	4.00

Services	11.09	12.24	11.24	10.83	10.87	10.47	8.57	7.97	6.70	6.36

Agriculture and Fishing	16.52	18.38	16.72	16.88	17.55	17.29	17.38	20.09	17.95	17.68

Household Heating	7.54	9.05	8.69	8.91	9.07	8.91	6.83	6.00	5.53	5.05

Electricity Consumption	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	5.14	6.81	3.05	0.00	0.00	0.16

Table 6A Excise Fuel Volumes, 2010-2020
1,000 litres
	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
Unleaded Petrol	1,930,180	1,829,165	1,667,582	1,568,147	1,483,192	1,417,134	1,334,857	1,249,735	1,097,546	1,043,084	772,693
Autodiesel	2,559,664	2,563,433	2,548,025	2,676,358	2,846,887	3,105,597	3,330,228	3,571,370	3,589,262	3,678,892	3,167,384
Auto Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)	457	488	888	2,131	3,587	4,320	4,270	3,830	3,149	2,770	1,954
Aviation Gasoline	1,196	1,071	914	1,142	967	982	1,035	965	848	950	961
Marked Gas Oil	1,225,893	1,154,645	1,125,849	1,101,590	997,528	1,014,307	1,044,189	1,054,636	1,086,672	1,092,504	1,134,349
Fuel Oil	353,867	234,721	164,108	157,802	99,205	61,071	55,687	58,453	49,488	44,999	41,282
Kerosene	1,329,439	1,050,790	898,044	906,456	856,821	1,014,784	1,049,661	1,088,674	1,148,910	1,068,064	1,256,626
Other Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)	165,192	146,889	194,518	225,541	227,116	244,976	263,451	298,030	324,752	330,332	326,810
¹There are no excise volumes data for jet kerosene due to the exemption for commercial aviation

Table 6B Excise Fuel Volumes¹, 2000-2009
1,000 litres
	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
Unleaded Petrol	2,015,254	2,065,231	2,130,643	2,122,000	2,193,648	2,266,323	2,330,512	2,377,728	2,310,692	2,117,045
Autodiesel	1,991,424	2,150,116	2,262,994	2,298,884	2,443,984	2,595,633	2,836,306	3,025,245	2,959,933	2,714,350
Auto Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)	3,577	2,571	2,256	1,958	1,748	1,930	1,515	1,037	799	521
Aviation Gasoline	1,794	1,897	1,683	1,959	2,031	1,946	2,064	2,096	1,743	1,103
Marked Gas Oil	1,595,707	1,629,694	1,546,867	1,564,981	1,581,434	1,645,479	1,652,547	1,592,466	1,503,332	1,274,063
Fuel Oil	1,810,240	1,939,198	1,528,686	1,149,271	1,276,826	1,273,547	1,139,727	793,208	635,393	278,127
Kerosene	788,904	950,223	939,289	983,414	1,052,520	1,080,818	1,126,310	1,124,404	1,202,471	1,253,341
Other Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)	284,589	277,311	267,218	273,674	279,022	277,083	276,307	278,852	241,613	152,764
¹There are no excise volumes data for jet kerosene due to the exemption for commercial aviation

Table 7 Emission Factors and Conversion Factors by Fuel
	Density (Litres per tonne)	Net Calorific Value (Megajoule per tonne)	Emission Factor (t CO₂/TJ)¹
Petrol	1,325	44,589	70.0
Diesel/Gas Oil	1,183	43,308	73.3
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)	1,915	47,156	63.7
Fuel Oil	1,062	41,236	76.0
Kerosene	1,250	44,196	71.4
Coal	-	27,842	94.6
Milled Peat	-	7,787	116.7
Natural Gas	-	34.8 MJ/m3	56.2
¹The unit of measurement for emission factors is tonnes of carbon dioxide emitted per Terajoule of energy

Fossil Fuel Subsidies 2020

Key Findings

COVID-19 Release Information

Petrol taxed at €267 per tonne of carbon dioxide in 2020

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Table 2 Energy Taxes per Litre on Selected Fuels, 2020
€ per litre
	Petrol	Autodiesel	Kerosene for Household Heating	Marked Gas Oil for Household Heating	Marked Gas Oil for Agricultural Use
Total Energy Tax per Litre	0.63	0.51	0.07	0.16	0.12
of which Excise (excl. Carbon Tax)	0.55	0.42	0.00	0.05	0.05
of which Carbon Tax	0.06	0.07	0.05	0.08	0.05
of which NORA Levy	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02

Table 4A Direct Fossil Fuel Subsidies, 2010-2020
€m
Direct Fossil Fuel Subsidies	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
Total	357.1	340.8	389.1	390.7	455.7	390.3	351.9	354.3	305.0	264.1	287.6

Fossil Fuel Production
Petroleum Exploration & Production Promotion & Support	1.3	1.3	1.3	0.5	1.6	2.0	2.4	2.1	1.2	1.4	2.1
Science Foundation Ireland Fossil Fuel R&D Funding	–	–	–	–	–	0.3	0.9	1.3	1.3	0.8	0.2
Government Fossil Fuel R&D Funding	0.4	0.1	0.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

Fossil Fuel Consumption
PSO Levy: Electricity Generation from Peat	78.2	41.6	94.2	94.8	119.0	121.9	115.4	117.8	65.5	25.5	31.4
PSO Levy: Security of Supply	14.0	20.7	42.2	61.0	104.7	47.3	–	–	–	–	–
Electricity Allowance	144.7	146.5	141.7	126.8	118.2	111.4	110.3	110.2	108.6	105.7	104.9
Gas Allowance	20.0	20.7	20.6	16.3	21.8	18.8	19.2	20.6	19.3	21.2	20.9
Fuel Allowance	88.8	104.6	84.6	91.3	87.1	85.7	92.4	90.5	96.1	96.0	116.2
Other Supplements (including Heating)	5.4	5.1	4.5	–	3.2	3.0	2.7	2.3	3.1	3.1	2.0
Smokeless Coal Allowance	4.2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Fuel Grant for Disabled Drivers/Passengers	–	–	–	–	–	–	8.6	9.5	10.0	10.5	10.0
– Scheme not in operation or no relevant payments made

Table 3 Fossil Fuel Subsidies by Type, 2000-2020
€m
Year	Direct Subsidies	Indirect Subsidies	Total Fossil Fuel Subsidies
2000	79	1,456	1,535
2001	81	1,535	1,616
2002	101	1,614	1,715
2003	149	1,472	1,621
2004	188	1,698	1,886
2005	232	2,175	2,407
2006	225	2,325	2,550
2007	200	1,948	2,148
2008	225	2,447	2,672
2009	349	1,912	2,261
2010	357	2,012	2,369
2011	341	1,949	2,290
2012	389	1,940	2,329
2013	391	1,895	2,285
2014	456	1,976	2,432
2015	390	2,051	2,442
2016	352	2,020	2,372
2017	354	2,178	2,532
2018	305	2,493	2,798
2019	264	2,538	2,802
2020	288	1,866	2,154