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International Accounts Q4 2023

Balance of International Payments

Current account balance of -€382m in Quarter 4 2023

Online ISSN: 2565-6384

CSO statistical release, 01 March 2024, 11am

Table 1.1 Balance of International Payments				€ million
	Merchandise Balance	Services and Income Balance	Current Account Balance	Current Account Balance as % of GDP
Q4 2022	54,501	-39,357	15,144	11.5
Q4 2023	29,780	-30,162	-382	-0.3

Q1-Q4 2022	202,282	-147,695	54,589	10.8
Q1-Q4 2023	161,668	-111,874	49,796	9.9

Open in Excel: International Accounts Q4 2023 Table 1.1 (XLS 10KB)

Balance of Payments Current Account

The Balance of Payments current account, a measure of Ireland’s economic flows with the rest of the world, showed a deficit of €382m in the fourth quarter of 2023 down €15.5bn on the Q42022 surplus of €15.1bn. A decreased merchandise and services balance was offset by an increased income balance.

	Current Account
Q3 2021	19.3856637011868
Q4 2021	3.37455124560402
Q1 2022	13.5198401890292
Q2 2022	11.3119912946522
Q3 2022	7.1614478667581
Q4 2022	11.5106290265595
Q1 2023	10.7755909848446
Q2 2023	12.6215208088823
Q3 2023	16.1736638887075
Q4 2023	-0.306113505368522

	Merchandise	Services	Primary Income	Secondary Income	Balance on Current Account
Q3 2021	45.042	6.112	-28.159	-0.692	22.303
Q4 2021	41.343	-12.772	-23.334	-1.427	3.811
Q1 2022	46.26	6.967	-36.005	-1.181	16.042
Q2 2022	47.937	1.245	-34.184	-1.193	13.805
Q3 2022	53.584	-2.018	-40.823	-1.146	9.598
Q4 2022	54.501	-6.428	-31.754	-1.175	15.144
Q1 2023	55.993	-0.825	-40.407	-1.19	13.572
Q2 2023	38.479	7.404	-28.868	-1.184	15.831
Q3 2023	37.416	8.596	-24.18	-1.058	20.775
Q4 2023	29.78	-7.676	-21.098	-1.388	-0.382

Current account (see Table 1.3)

Merchandise exports were €71,980m in the fourth quarter of 2023, a decrease of €23,772m compared with the fourth quarter of 2022. Merchandise imports were €42,200m in the fourth quarter of 2023, an increase of €949m over the same period in 2022.
Service exports at €101,112m increased by €9,625m compared to the fourth quarter of 2022, mainly due to higher computer services exports (which increased by €9,362m).
Service imports at €108,788m were up €10,872m over the same period in 2022, mainly due to an increase in R&D related IP service imports.
Ireland’s trade balance at €22,104m, all goods and services exports less all goods and services imports fell by €25,969m in the fourth quarter of 2023 over the same period in 2022.
Investment income earned abroad at €60,995m, increased by €14,261m compared with one year earlier while investment income payable to foreign investors at €82,221m increased by €3,600m. The overall income balance for the quarter at -€22,486m increased by €10,443m compared with the same period in 2022.

	Direct Investment	Portfolio Investment	Other Investment	Reserve Assets	Balance on Financial Account
Q3 2021	6.249	-9.942	13.307	4.081	13.696
Q4 2021	19.485	-15.819	2.913	0.654	7.233
Q1 2022	15.397	-38.231	40.334	-0.129	17.37
Q2 2022	24.269	-24.519	11.895	0.033	11.677
Q3 2022	-22.262	-47.113	77.433	0.603	8.66
Q4 2022	15.314	-27.917	26.274	-0.022	13.647
Q1 2023	8.547	-27.996	29.196	0.011	9.759
Q2 2023	3.846	81.661	-83.786	-0.024	1.696
Q3 2023	-16.539	45.584	-9.69	-0.529	18.826
Q4 2023	6.523	-44.853	38.078	0.107	-0.146

Financial account (see Tables 1.4 and 1.5)

Direct investment in Ireland increased by €6,639m in the fourth quarter of 2023. This was due to increased reinvestment of earnings and equity of €21,524m and €12,842 which were partially offset by a decrease in other capital investment of €27,727m. Direct investment abroad increased by €13,162m in the quarter, mainly due to increased reinvestment of earnings investment and other capital abroad.
Portfolio investment in foreign assets increased by €58,820m in the quarter mainly due to increased investment in foreign debt instruments of €55,36m. Portfolio investment in Ireland increased by €103,673m due to increased investment in equity investment of €94,173m.
Other investment assets fell by €63,495m while other investment liabilities fell by €101,573m in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Table 1.2 Summary of Current, Capital and Financial Account Balances

Table 1.2 Summary of Current, Capital and Financial Account Balances														€ million
Period							Balance on Current Account	Balance on Capital Account	Direct Investment	Portfolio Investment	Other² Investment	Reserve Assets	Balance on Financial Account	Net errors and omissions
		Merchandise¹	services and income balance
			Services	Primary Income	Secondary Income	Total
2012	Year	36,896	-6,282	-33,939	-2,609	-42,830	-5,934	86	-20,497	-767	10,952	-12	-10,324	-4,476
2013	Year	34,506	-718	-28,069	-2,931	-31,718	2,787	-936	-16,137	35,737	-15,467	10	4,143	2,289
2014	Year	40,731	-5,546	-30,341	-2,750	-38,637	2,093	-6,769	-5,279	-27,862	20,506	136	-12,498	-7,824
2015	Year	113,394	-37,715	-60,785	-3,338	-101,838	11,556	-1,303	-44,510	-88,281	138,621	494	6,321	-3,930
2016	Year	106,088	-63,735	-49,912	-3,813	-117,460	-11,373	-4,331	-8,430	27,711	-29,073	1,456	-8,335	7,368
2017	Year	109,119	-43,491	-61,063	-3,106	-107,660	1,457	-25,855	-48,583	-57,643	89,127	399	-16,700	7,697
2018	Year	109,446	-16,342	-73,440	-3,656	-93,438	16,007	-52,019	14,540	37,841	-93,670	762	-40,525	-4,514
2019	Year	118,116	-105,564	-79,838	-3,486	-188,888	-70,772	-35,310	-104,826	10,153	-7,674	422	-101,925	4,156
2020	Year	142,529	-71,912	-91,289	-3,832	-167,033	-24,504	-11,877	-99,737	-5,051	71,431	1,282	-32,071	4,310
2021	Year	168,500	5,449	-110,009	-4,408	-108,968	59,532	1,448	50,793	-19,645	21,024	4,980	57,155	-3,825
2022	Year	202,282	-234	-142,766	-4,695	-147,695	54,589	-1,168	32,718	-137,780	155,936	485	51,354	-2,067
2023	Year	161,668	7,499	-114,553	-4,820	-111,874	49,796	-9,462	2,377	54,396	-26,202	-435	30,135	-10,199

2015	Quarter 1	26,790	-5,794	-16,013	-986	-22,793	3,998	-707	38,272	-72,519	36,581	108	2,441	-849
	Quarter 2	26,894	-8,024	-11,422	-794	-20,240	6,654	-226	-2,591	13,757	-9,476	307	1,996	-4,432
	Quarter 3	29,755	-7,431	-17,792	-593	-25,816	3,939	100	9,983	-17,663	14,477	-24	6,773	2,735
	Quarter 4	29,955	-16,466	-15,558	-965	-32,989	-3,035	-470	-90,174	-11,856	97,039	103	-4,889	-1,384
2016	Quarter 1	27,290	-14,564	-11,001	-1,020	-26,585	705	-2,670	12,279	-7,497	1,420	1,095	7,297	9,262
	Quarter 2	24,440	-16,885	-11,342	-768	-28,995	-4,555	-586	-293	2,933	-14,069	-224	-11,653	-6,513
	Quarter 3	26,315	-12,294	-14,425	-820	-27,539	-1,224	161	-10,522	10,385	-7,662	379	-7,420	-6,357
	Quarter 4	28,043	-19,992	-13,144	-1,205	-34,341	-6,299	-1,236	-9,894	21,890	-8,762	206	3,441	10,976
2017	Quarter 1	25,187	-3,437	-15,139	-616	-19,192	5,994	-8,538	-2,307	-15,609	6,190	-101	-11,827	-9,283
	Quarter 2	24,546	-38,743	-16,392	-1,170	-56,305	-31,759	-12,079	-21,375	-41,427	28,371	163	-34,268	9,570
	Quarter 3	28,663	260	-13,902	-626	-14,268	14,395	-4,640	6,488	452	6,860	235	14,035	4,279
	Quarter 4	30,723	-1,571	-15,630	-694	-17,895	12,827	-598	-31,389	-1,059	47,706	102	15,360	3,131
2018	Quarter 1	28,481	632	-18,056	-974	-18,398	10,082	-109	15,545	19,454	-34,009	4	995	-8,979
	Quarter 2	28,125	-41	-17,298	-1,060	-18,399	9,726	59	10,072	-15,921	19,446	-8	13,589	3,804
	Quarter 3	27,339	1,279	-17,611	-830	-17,162	10,177	63	11,198	8,377	-16,084	196	3,688	-6,553
	Quarter 4	25,501	-18,212	-20,475	-792	-39,479	-13,978	-52,032	-22,275	25,931	-63,023	570	-58,797	7,214
2019	Quarter 1	30,551	334	-19,621	-1,346	-20,633	9,917	-6,936	10,253	5,354	-7,115	-7	8,485	5,504
	Quarter 2	27,129	-38,748	-21,285	-628	-60,661	-33,532	-17,385	-53,151	-17,922	17,619	116	-53,339	-2,422
	Quarter 3	31,248	1,313	-20,094	-852	-19,633	11,616	-5,093	-2,461	-8,325	12,318	144	1,677	-4,847
	Quarter 4	29,188	-68,463	-18,838	-660	-87,961	-58,773	-5,896	-59,467	31,046	-30,496	169	-58,748	5,921
2020	Quarter 1	36,218	-59,824	-21,844	-1,069	-82,737	-46,519	-3,061	-49,271	-79,843	70,773	139	-58,201	-8,621
	Quarter 2	34,345	430	-21,386	-982	-21,938	12,407	-7,552	-47,127	59,918	-727	-14	12,051	7,196
	Quarter 3	37,544	2,593	-27,987	-736	-26,130	11,414	-2,080	-8,694	-3,688	15,533	761	3,912	-5,422
	Quarter 4	34,422	-15,111	-20,072	-1,045	-36,228	-1,806	816	5,355	18,562	-14,148	396	10,167	11,157
2021	Quarter 1	42,194	5,997	-29,941	-1,287	-25,231	16,962	2,967	17,791	12,625	-19,438	173	11,152	-8,777
	Quarter 2	39,921	6,112	-28,575	-1,002	-23,465	16,456	914	7,268	-6,509	24,242	72	25,074	7,704
	Quarter 3	45,042	6,112	-28,159	-692	-22,739	22,303	-333	6,249	-9,942	13,307	4,081	13,696	-8,274
	Quarter 4	41,343	-12,772	-23,334	-1,427	-37,533	3,811	-2,100	19,485	-15,819	2,913	654	7,233	5,522
2022	Quarter 1	46,260	6,967	-36,005	-1,181	-30,219	16,042	812	15,397	-38,231	40,334	-129	17,370	516
	Quarter 2	47,937	1,245	-34,184	-1,193	-34,132	13,805	-171	24,269	-24,519	11,895	33	11,677	-1,957
	Quarter 3	53,584	-2,018	-40,823	-1,146	-43,987	9,598	-901	-22,262	-47,113	77,433	603	8,660	-37
	Quarter 4	54,501	-6,428	-31,754	-1,175	-39,357	15,144	-908	15,314	-27,917	26,274	-22	13,647	-589
2023	Quarter 1	55,993	-825	-40,407	-1,190	-42,422	13,572	-133	8,547	-27,996	29,196	11	9,759	-3,680
	Quarter 2	38,479	7,404	-28,868	-1,184	-22,648	15,831	-6,014	3,846	81,661	-83,786	-24	1,696	-8,121
	Quarter 3	37,416	8,596	-24,180	-1,058	-16,642	20,775	-2,141	-16,539	45,584	-9,690	-529	18,826	192
	Quarter 4	29,780	-7,676	-21,098	-1,388	-30,162	-382	-1,174	6,523	-44,853	38,078	107	-146	1,410
¹Adjusted for balance of payments purposes.
²Includes financial derivatives and also life insurance liabilities to non-residents. Occasionally includes large capital transactions which cannot be shown in the Capital Account Balance due to confidentiality constraints.

Open in Excel: International Accounts Q4 2023 Table 1.2 (XLS 16KB)

Visit Table BPQ15 on PxStat

Table 1.3 Current and Capital Accounts

Table 1.3 Current and Capital Accounts											€ million
		2022	2023	2022				2023
Item		Year	Year	Quarter 1	Quarter 2	Quarter 3	Quarter 4	Quarter 1	Quarter 2	Quarter 3	Quarter 4
Current Account
Merchandise¹	Exports	354,429	309,193	78,365	85,341	94,971	95,752	88,977	76,365	71,871	71,980
	Imports	152,146	147,524	32,104	37,404	41,387	41,251	32,984	37,885	34,455	42,200

International trade	Exports	208,449	198,227	52,203	52,868	53,698	49,680	50,868	51,320	47,956	48,083
	Imports	138,818	132,101	29,222	35,813	38,162	35,621	32,110	34,074	30,455	35,462
Goods for processing	Exports	131,975	98,365	18,450	32,280	37,397	43,848	35,008	20,349	18,737	24,271
	Imports	8,273	8,951	1,971	-98	1,492	4,908	-25	2,091	1,728	5,157
Other conceptual adjustments	Exports	-10,093	-13,764	-1406	-2227	-2389	-4071	-2464	-695	-2392	-8213
	Imports	5,055	6,472	911	1689	1733	722	898	1721	2272	1581
Merchanting (net export)	Exports	24,099	26,366	9,119	2,421	6,264	6,295	5,565	5,390	7,571	7,840

Services	Exports	339,622	367,685	78,462	83,185	86,488	91,487	83,194	90,727	92,652	101,112
	Imports	339,857	360,186	71,495	81,940	88,506	97,916	84,019	83,323	84,056	108,788
Repairs and Processing	Exports	2,635	3,182	585	541	755	754	711	905	763	803
	Imports	11,165	11,239	2,302	2,560	2,702	3,601	3,213	2,341	2,429	3,256
Transport	Exports	7,795	10,526	872	1,932	3,206	1,785	1,634	2,813	3,945	2,134
	Imports	6,066	5,491	1,302	1,514	1,733	1,517	1,218	1,353	1,265	1,655
Tourism and Travel ²	Exports	6,686	7,046	736	1,884	2,471	1,595	1,283	2,266	1,912	1,585
	Imports	8,054	9,537	864	2,124	3,162	1,904	1,781	2,517	3,211	2,028
Insurance	Exports	14,825	15,373	3,700	3,738	3,603	3,784	3,928	3,839	3,717	3,889
	Imports	14,172	13,993	3,602	3,551	3,526	3,493	3,536	3,722	3,477	3,258
Financial services	Exports	21,836	22,261	5,606	5,424	5,517	5,289	5,244	5,538	5,711	5,768
	Imports	19,808	19,434	5,090	4,953	4,900	4,865	4,598	4,934	4,921	4,981
Royalties/Licences	Exports	14,128	14,233	3,458	3,494	3,033	4,143	3,779	3,068	3,298	4,088
	Imports	135,948	141,091	29,032	32,601	32,891	41,424	37,081	30,468	33,027	40,515
of which: Pharmaceutical products and preparations	Exports	226	265	63	69	38	56	42	85	28	110
	Imports	30,939	25,011	3,969	7,859	7,823	11,288	6,063	6,685	4,412	7,851
Information and communication	Exports	7,339	*	2,333	1,905	*	*	1,103	1,193	1,154	*
	Imports	88,582	99,296	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Communications	Exports	158	150	40	41	38	39	38	40	35	37
	Imports	640	658	159	161	162	158	158	164	168	168
Computer services³	Exports	195,719	218,780	45,520	48,871	48,812	52,516	49,636	52,623	54,643	61,878
	Imports	9,473	10,270	2,029	2,357	2,564	2,523	2,160	2,461	2,977	2,672
Business services	Exports	63,786	63,180	15,610	14,404	17,116	16,656	13,761	16,167	16,181	17,071
	Imports	132,164	145,867	26,605	31,483	36,290	37,786	29,716	34,619	31,817	49,715
Research and development	Exports	7,176	7,267	1,610	1,617	1,630	2,319	1,381	1,860	2,235	1,791
	Imports	45,133	52,594	8,115	10,327	13,033	13,658	7,946	9,833	9,761	25,054
of which: IP related	Exports	1,764	1,393	555	*	*	513	8	*	590	*
	Imports	8,080	*	1,026	*	*	773	542	278	177	*
Operational leasing	Exports	18,254	19,402	4,492	4,343	4,640	4,779	4,509	4,922	4,926	5,045
	Imports	1,695	1,365	388	404	445	458	383	326	332	324
Misc. business services⁴	Exports	38,356	36,511	9,508	8,444	10,846	9,558	7,872	9,385	9,019	10,235
	Imports	85,336	91,910	18,102	20,752	22,812	23,670	21,387	24,461	21,725	24,337
Other services n.e.s.	Exports	12,056	12,956	2,334	2,857	1,938	4,927	3,181	3,469	2,446	3,860
	Imports	2,365	2,609	510	636	575	644	559	743	765	542

Merchandise and Services - Total	Exports	694,052	676,877	156,827	168,526	181,459	187,240	172,171	167,091	164,522	173,093
	Imports	492,003	507,710	103,600	119,344	129,893	139,166	117,003	121,208	118,510	150,989

Trade Balance	Net	202,048	169,167	53,227	49,182	51,566	48,073	55,168	45,883	46,012	22,104

Primary Income	Inflows	153,352	229,711	32,910	39,968	33,232	47,242	46,355	59,255	62,606	61,495
	Outflows	296,118	344,264	68,915	74,152	74,055	78,996	86,762	88,123	86,786	82,593
Compensation of Employees	Inflows	413	392	105	112	98	98	98	98	98	98
	Outflows	643	724	146	153	166	178	170	179	180	195
Investment Income	Inflows	151,381	227,772	32,428	39,488	32,731	46,734	45,882	58,789	62,106	60,995
	Outflows	294,558	342,617	68,608	73,591	73,738	78,621	86,445	87,494	86,457	82,221
Direct investment income	Inflows	41,072	66,844	9,382	12,516	4,406	14,768	11,038	17,149	19,815	18,842
	Outflows	174,653	172,659	43,715	44,069	43,059	43,810	48,869	43,959	42,804	37,027

of which: Manufacturing	Outflows	117,777	95,430	32,195	27,195	31,478	26,909	33,201	23,202	22,111	16,916
Information and communication	Outflows	36,059	46,754	6,942	11,302	6,717	11,098	10,082	13,361	10,945	12,366

Income on equity	Inflows	37,468	61,827	8,871	11,920	3,525	13,152	9,952	15,899	18,395	17,581
	Outflows	162,845	158,223	41,206	41,493	40,024	40,122	45,342	40,305	39,336	33,240
Dividends & distributed	Inflows	8,912	17,779	1,066	1,284	5,010	1,552	1,707	2,696	8,690	4,686
branch profits	Outflows	83,342	170,178	28,497	5,559	17,809	31,477	54,247	78,060	26,376	11,495
Reinvested earnings	Inflows	28,556	44,046	7,805	10,636	-1,485	11,600	8,244	13,203	9,704	12,895
	Outflows	79,505	-11,957	12,710	35,934	22,216	8,645	-8,906	-37,755	12,959	21,745
Income on debt	Inflows	3,605	5,019	511	596	882	1,616	1,087	1,250	1,421	1,261
	Outflows	11,807	14,438	2,508	2,576	3,035	3,688	3,528	3,654	3,469	3,787
Portfolio investment income	Inflows	86,493	107,449	19,036	23,248	21,524	22,685	24,051	28,547	27,268	27,583
	Outflows	101,479	136,187	21,287	25,850	25,570	28,772	30,227	35,635	34,635	35,690
Income on equity	Inflows	31,669	35,379	7,143	10,182	7,313	7,031	7,783	10,950	8,773	7,873
	Outflows	83,941	113,358	17,178	21,729	21,103	23,931	25,303	30,589	28,280	29,186
Income on debt	Inflows	54,824	72,070	11,894	13,065	14,211	15,654	16,268	17,597	18,495	19,710
	Outflows	17,537	22,830	4,109	4,121	4,467	4,840	4,925	5,045	6,356	6,504
Other investment income	Inflows	23,816	53,477	4,010	3,725	6,800	9,281	10,792	13,092	15,023	14,570
	Outflows	18,424	33,770	3,606	3,671	5,108	6,039	7,348	7,901	9,018	9,503
Other primary income	Inflows	1,559	1,547	377	368	404	410	375	368	402	402
	Outflows	917	923	161	408	151	197	147	450	149	177

Secondary Income	Inflows	7,879	9,177	1,889	1,865	2,211	1,914	2,167	2,174	2,718	2,118
	Outflows	12,574	13,998	3,070	3,057	3,357	3,090	3,357	3,359	3,775	3,507

Income Balance	Net	-147,459	-119,372	-37,185	-35,377	-41,968	-32,929	-41,597	-30,052	-25,237	-22,486

Current Account - Total	Inflows	855,283	915,766	191,626	210,358	216,903	236,396	220,694	228,520	229,846	236,706
	Outflows	800,694	865,971	175,584	196,553	207,305	221,252	207,122	212,690	209,071	237,088

Current Account Balance	Net	54,589	49,796	16,042	13,805	9,598	15,144	13,572	15,831	20,775	-382

Capital Account Balance	Net	-1,168	-9,462	812	-171	-901	-908	-133	-6,014	-2,141	-1,174

Memorandum Item:
Government Income	Inflows	54	99	6	14	14	20	13	4	28	54
	Outflows	2,455	2,578	814	481	552	608	797	552	647	582
¹Adjusted for balance of payments purposes.
²Under the credit item, passenger fare receipts of resident carriers from foreign visitors are excluded; such receipts are included under transport credits - see Background Notes.
³Covers exports and imports of software that were not incorporated as part of computer hardware or physical media but separately transmitted by electronic means. The value of sales and purchases of additional software licences is also included.
⁴Covers mainly advertising and inter-affiliate management charges.

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Table 1.4 Financial Account

Table 1.4 Financial Account¹											€ million
		2022	2023	2022				2023
Item		Year		Quarter 1	Quarter 2	Quarter 3	Quarter 4	Quarter 1	Quarter 2	Quarter 3	Quarter 4

Direct Investment	Abroad	8,922	-6,099	8,148	-4,516	-14,735	20,025	10,567	-36,940	7,112	13,162
	In Ireland	-23,796	-8,476	-7,249	-28,786	7,526	4,713	2,020	-40,785	23,650	6,639

Equity	Abroad	-52,082	-51,317	8,874	*	*	-392	1,992	*	*	-2,295
	In Ireland	-69,153	-34,159	-35,223	-23,109	-8,195	-2,626	8,963	-55,600	-364	12,842
Reinvested Earnings	Abroad	28,556	43,606	7,805	10,636	-1,485	11,600	8,244	12,783	9,704	12,875
	In Ireland	78,961	-12,263	12,767	35,790	21,869	8,535	-8,896	-37,801	12,910	21,524
Other Capital	Abroad	32,447	1,612	-8,532	*	*	8,817	330	*	*	2,583
	In Ireland	-33,601	37,944	15,208	-41,465	-6,146	-1,198	1,952	52,616	11,103	-27,727

Portfolio Investment	Assets	-41,525	232,342	-46,916	-12,879	-45,408	63,678	-10,332	95,019	88,835	58,820
	Liabilities	96,255	177,946	-8,685	11,640	1,705	91,595	17,664	13,358	43,251	103,673

Equity	Assets	-5,743	62,141	11,379	2,112	-16,915	-2,319	18,603	8,979	31,135	3,424
	Liabilities	96,677	152,155	-14,507	1,115	9,080	100,989	7,723	5,502	44,757	94,173
Debt Instruments	Assets	-35,782	170,202	-58,295	-14,991	-28,493	65,997	-28,935	86,041	57,700	55,396
	Liabilities	-420	25,795	5,823	10,525	-7,375	-9,393	9,942	7,857	-1,505	9,501
Bonds and notes	Assets	-16,295	156,678	-2,255	-7,540	-15,834	9,334	43,432	56,221	41,938	15,087
	Liabilities	934	16,499	6,683	9,745	-3,302	-12,192	12,359	2,486	-3,805	5,459
Money market instruments	Assets	-19,486	13,524	-56,039	-7,451	-12,659	56,663	-72,367	29,820	15,762	40,309
	Liabilities	-1,356	9,294	-861	779	-4,073	2,799	-2,417	5,370	2,299	4,042

Other Investment	Assets	87,640	-69,884	101,839	-22,700	95,223	-86,722	25,892	-23,738	-8,543	-63,495
	Liabilities	-68,296	-43,682	61,505	-34,595	17,790	-112,996	-3,304	60,048	1,147	-101,573

Loans, currency and deposits	Assets	128,237	44,779	41,619	36,998	68,900	-19,280	57,776	-21,543	4,339	4,207
	Liabilities	-29,597	14,214	19,442	17,547	-3,153	-63,433	12,362	26,025	-4,252	-19,921
Other²	Assets	-40,596	-114,663	60,220	-59,697	26,323	-67,442	-31,884	-2,195	-12,882	-67,702
	Liabilities	-38,696	-57,896	42,064	-52,142	20,944	-49,562	-15,666	34,023	5,398	-81,651

Reserve Assets		485	-435	-129	33	603	-22	11	-24	-529	107

Monetary gold		135	0	135	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Special drawing rights		164	-53	0	1	171	-8	-7	44	-26	-64
Reserve position in the IMF		151	-4	0	56	44	51	1	1	46	-52
Foreign exchange		-100	-324	-333	12	217	4	41	-79	-458	172
Other		135	-53	69	-36	171	-69	-24	9	-90	52

Balance on Financial Account		51,354	30,135	17,370	11,677	8,660	13,647	9,759	1,696	18,826	-146

Net errors and omissions		-2,067	-10,199	516	-1,957	-37	-589	-3,680	-8,121	192	1,410
Memorandum Item:
Government financial	Assets	217	2,424	-474	497	-241	435	-400	4	1,176	1,644
transactions	Liabilities	-9,632	-740	472	-126	-1,932	-8,046	2,747	-485	-255	-2,747
¹Financial account transactions are categorised under two headings 'Assets' and 'Liabilities' for Portfolio Investment, Other Investment and Reserve Assets. 'For Direct Investment, a 'directional' categorisation is used: 'Abroad' 'indicates direct investment by Irish investors in foreign companies; 'Direct investment into Ireland is indicated by the heading 'In Ireland'.
²Includes financial derivatives; in the case of liabilities this category also includes life insurance liabilities to non-residents. Occasionally includes large capital transactions which cannot be shown in the Capital Account Balance due to confidentiality constraints.

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Table 1.5 Current, Capital and Financial Account activity classified by Institutional Sector

Table 1.5 Current, Capital and Financial Account activity classified by Institutional Sector¹											€ million
		2022	2023	2022				2023
Item		Year		Quarter 1	Quarter 2	Quarter 3	Quarter 4	Quarter 1	Quarter 2	Quarter 3	Quarter 4
Current Account - Total	Inflows	855,283	915,766	191,626	210,358	216,903	236,396	220,694	228,520	229,846	236,706
	Outflows	800,694	865,971	175,584	196,553	207,305	221,252	207,122	212,690	209,071	237,088

Merchandise²	Exports	354,429	309,193	78,365	85,341	94,971	95,752	88,977	76,365	71,871	71,980
	Imports	152,146	147,524	32,104	37,404	41,387	41,251	32,984	37,885	34,455	42,200

Services	Exports	339,622	367,685	78,462	83,185	86,488	91,487	83,194	90,727	92,652	101,112
	Imports	339,857	360,186	71,495	81,940	88,506	97,916	84,019	83,323	84,056	108,788

General Government	Exports	464	334	115	114	115	120	77	109	77	71
	Imports	98	105	19	20	21	38	26	25	28	26
Monetary Authority ³	Exports	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Imports	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Monetary Financial Institutions⁴	Exports	8,163	9,739	1,997	1,966	2,295	1,905	2,390	2,549	2,398	2,402
	Imports	3,611	3,842	748	855	1,098	910	1,101	989	767	985
Other Sectors⁵	Exports	330,998	357,613	76,350	81,106	84,079	89,463	80,728	88,068	90,177	98,640
	Imports	336,146	356,238	70,727	81,065	87,387	96,967	82,893	82,309	83,260	107,776
of which:
Other Financial Intermediaries	Exports	39,412	38,126	9,759	10,057	9,577	10,019	9,566	9,966	9,175	9,419
	Imports	40,658	39,118	9,847	10,538	10,294	9,979	9,899	10,215	9,620	9,384
Non-Financial Companies⁶	Exports	291,586	319,488	66,591	71,049	74,502	79,444	71,162	78,103	81,002	89,221
	Imports	295,490	317,120	60,881	70,528	77,093	86,988	72,993	72,094	73,641	98,392

Primary Income	Inflows	153,352	229,711	32,910	39,968	33,232	47,242	46,355	59,255	62,606	61,495
	Outflows	296,118	344,264	68,915	74,152	74,055	78,996	86,762	88,123	86,786	82,593

General Government	Inflows	54	99	6	14	14	20	13	4	28	54
	Outflows	2,455	2,578	814	481	552	608	797	552	647	582
Monetary Authority ³	Inflows	168	175	47	41	40	40	37	42	47	49
	Outflows	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Monetary Financial Institutions⁴	Inflows	9,716	38,353	-19	1,078	2,998	5,659	7,552	9,168	10,326	11,307
	Outflows	9,994	37,073	350	1,493	2,630	5,521	7,238	9,136	10,413	10,286
Other Sectors⁵	Inflows	143,414	191,084	32,876	38,834	30,181	41,523	38,753	50,042	52,204	50,085
	Outflows	283,669	304,615	67,751	72,178	70,873	72,867	78,727	78,436	75,727	71,725
of which:
Other Financial Intermediaries	Inflows	104,488	130,035	24,344	26,814	25,583	27,747	28,036	34,353	34,710	32,936
	Outflows	104,025	130,784	23,430	26,583	25,718	28,294	28,655	33,629	34,760	33,740
Non-Financial Companies⁶	Inflows	38,927	61,048	8,532	12,020	4,598	13,777	10,717	15,688	17,494	17,149
	Outflows	179,644	173,831	44,321	45,595	45,155	44,573	50,073	44,806	40,967	37,985

Secondary Income	Inflows	7,879	9,177	1,889	1,865	2,211	1,914	2,167	2,174	2,718	2,118
	Outflows	12,574	13,998	3,070	3,057	3,357	3,090	3,357	3,359	3,775	3,507

General Government	Inflows	113	160	31	28	9	45	12	4	130	14
	Outflows	3,986	3,929	993	1,017	935	1,041	1,002	938	922	1,067
Monetary Authority ³	Inflows	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Outflows	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Monetary Financial Institutions⁴	Inflows	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Outflows	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other Sectors⁵	Inflows	7,767	9,018	1,858	1,837	2,203	1,869	2,155	2,171	2,587	2,105
	Outflows	8,589	10,069	2,077	2,041	2,422	2,049	2,355	2,420	2,854	2,440
of which:
Other Financial Intermediaries	Inflows	6,498	7,960	1,542	1,520	1,888	1,548	1,826	1,891	2,316	1,927
	Outflows	6,498	7,960	1,542	1,520	1,888	1,548	1,826	1,891	2,316	1,927
Non-Financial Companies⁶	Inflows	1,269	1,057	316	317	315	321	329	280	271	177
	Outflows	2,091	2,108	535	521	534	501	529	529	538	512

Balance on Current Account		54,589	49,796	16,042	13,805	9,598	15,144	13,572	15,831	20,775	-382

Balance on Capital Account		-1,168	-9,462	812	-171	-901	-908	-133	-6,014	-2,141	-1,174

Financial Account⁷
Direct investment	Abroad	8,922	-6,099	8,148	-4,516	-14,735	20,025	10,567	-36,940	7,112	13,162
	In Ireland	-23,796	-8,476	-7,249	-28,786	7,526	4,713	2,020	-40,785	23,650	6,639

General Government	Abroad	0	*	0	0	0	0	*	*	0	*
	In Ireland	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Monetary Authority ³	Abroad	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	In Ireland	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Monetary Financial Institutions⁴	Abroad	725	*	570	173	-106	88	*	*	98	*
	In Ireland	-710	*	-57	-232	-907	486	-129	-1,011	353	*
Other Sectors⁵	Abroad	8,196	-6,326	7,577	-4,688	-14,630	19,937	10,420	-37,035	7,014	13,275
	In Ireland	-23,088	*	-7,192	-28,553	8,433	4,224	2,149	-39,775	23,295	*
of which:
Other Financial Intermediaries	Abroad	666	1,432	4,585	1,971	-5,696	-194	211	1,349	2,048	-2,176
	In Ireland	-1,204	13,010	3,067	-17,331	10,466	2,594	-3,548	564	12,132	3,862
Non-Financial Companies⁶	Abroad	7,530	-7,758	2,992	-6,659	-8,934	20,131	10,209	-38,384	4,966	15,451
	In Ireland	-21,884	*	-10,259	-11,222	-2,033	1,630	5,697	-40,339	11,163	*

Portfolio investment	Assets	-41,525	232,342	-46,916	-12,879	-45,408	63,678	-10,332	95,019	88,835	58,820
	Liabilities	96,255	177,946	-8,685	11,640	1,705	91,595	17,664	13,358	43,251	103,673

General Government	Assets	420	-63	0	567	-213	66	27	0	-183	93
	Liabilities	-9,648	1,436	366	49	-1,994	-8,069	2,745	-310	-255	-744
Monetary Authority ³	Assets	-1,678	418	-1,462	-298	-331	413	107	-76	457	-70
	Liabilities	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Monetary Financial Institutions⁴	Assets	-33,736	42,023	-59,065	-14,694	-30,884	70,907	-71,854	36,994	15,006	61,877
	Liabilities	43,489	34,013	-37,661	-6,880	4,290	83,740	-27,258	-14,886	15,657	60,500
Other Sectors⁵	Assets	-6,530	189,964	13,612	1,546	-13,980	-7,708	61,388	58,101	73,555	-3,080
	Liabilities	62,413	142,499	28,610	18,471	-592	15,924	42,178	28,554	27,849	43,918
of which:
Other Financial Intermediaries	Assets	-6,626	190,035	*	1,539	-13,989	*	61,395	58,110	*	*
	Liabilities	58,752	142,287	29,559	18,814	1,300	9,079	42,317	26,269	28,460	45,241
Non-Financial Companies⁶	Assets	96	-71	*	7	9	*	-7	-9	*	*
	Liabilities	3,661	212	-949	-343	-1,892	6,845	-139	2,285	-611	-1,323

Other investment	Assets	87,640	-69,884	101,839	-22,700	95,223	-86,722	25,892	-23,738	-8,543	-63,495
	Liabilities	-68,296	-43,682	61,505	-34,595	17,790	-112,996	-3,304	60,048	1,147	-101,573

General Government	Assets	-203	2,487	-474	-70	-28	369	-427	4	1,359	1,551
	Liabilities	16	-2,176	106	-175	62	23	*	*	0	*
Monetary Authority ³	Assets	17,605	-4,360	3,787	13,792	-5,334	5,360	-12,634	3,638	61	4,575
	Liabilities	2,232	1,716	233	1,139	385	475	*	*	701	*
Monetary Financial Institutions⁴	Assets	97,492	-25,546	70,235	-60	67,454	-40,137	71,110	-35,846	2,119	-62,929
	Liabilities	25,025	-21,939	42,746	-6,092	27,136	-38,765	11,712	17,452	-1,589	-49,514
Other Sectors⁵	Assets	-27,254	-42,464	28,291	-36,363	33,131	-52,313	-32,156	8,467	-12,082	-6,693
	Liabilities	-95,570	-21,284	18,420	-29,467	-9,794	-74,729	-15,306	42,432	2,036	-50,446
of which:
Other Financial Intermediaries	Assets	-18,870	-54,444	37,695	-31,845	23,108	-47,828	-24,182	-1,893	-19,261	-9,108
	Liabilities	-95,763	-23,453	25,204	-30,162	-16,284	-74,521	-6,639	36,182	-3,122	-49,874
Non-Financial Companies⁶	Assets	-8,384	11,980	-9,404	-4,518	10,023	-4,485	-7,974	10,360	7,179	2,415
	Liabilities	193	2,169	-6,784	695	6,490	-208	-8,667	6,250	5,158	-572

Reserve Assets		485	-435	-129	33	603	-22	11	-24	-529	107

Balance on Financial Account		51,354	30,135	17,370	11,677	8,660	13,647	9,759	1,696	18,826	-146
Net errors and omissions		-2,067	-10,199	516	-1,957	-37	-589	-3,680	-8,121	192	1,410
¹Includes transactions which cannot be shown due to confidentiality constraints.
²Adjusted for balance of payments purposes.
³Central Bank of Ireland.
⁴Covering licensed credit institutions and money market funds.
⁵Other sectors includes financial corporations other than the Monetary Authority and Monetary Financial Institutions, non-financial service and manufacturing companies and other industrial enterprises as well as (implicitly) households (see Background Notes). The gross liabilities to non-residents of financial corporations covered in other sectors tend to be very significant.
⁶Including households.
⁷See footnote 1 on Table 1.4.

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Table 1.6 Current and Capital Accounts showing geographical detail

Table 1.6 Current and Capital Accounts showing geographical¹ detail											€ million
		2022	2023	2022				2023
Item		Year		Quarter 1	Quarter 2	Quarter 3	Quarter 4	Quarter 1	Quarter 2	Quarter 3	Quarter 4

Current Account - Total	Inflows	855,283	915,766	191,626	210,358	216,903	236,396	220,694	228,520	229,846	236,706
	Outflows	800,694	865,971	175,584	196,553	207,305	221,252	207,122	212,690	209,071	237,088

Merchandise²	Exports	354,429	309,193	78,365	85,341	94,971	95,752	88,977	76,365	71,871	71,980
	Imports	152,146	147,524	32,104	37,404	41,387	41,251	32,984	37,885	34,455	42,200
EMU	Exports	124,771	106,253	24,386	31,574	33,078	35,733	33,239	25,017	22,025	25,972
	Imports	51,940	62,054	10,408	12,086	12,948	16,498	13,878	16,237	13,992	17,947
Non-EMU	Exports	229,658	202,940	53,979	53,766	61,893	60,020	55,739	51,348	49,845	46,008
	Imports	100,207	85,471	21,697	25,318	28,439	24,753	19,106	21,649	20,463	24,253
EU	Exports	134,378	114,933	26,568	33,619	35,722	38,469	35,546	27,098	24,124	28,165
	Imports	57,012	67,340	11,580	13,371	14,288	17,773	15,204	17,557	15,220	19,359
Non-EU	Exports	220,050	194,262	51,797	51,722	59,248	57,283	53,432	49,267	47,747	43,816
	Imports	95,133	80,184	20,525	24,032	27,099	23,477	17,780	20,328	19,235	22,841

Services	Exports	339,622	367,685	78,462	83,185	86,488	91,487	83,194	90,727	92,652	101,112
	Imports	339,857	360,186	71,495	81,940	88,506	97,916	84,019	83,323	84,056	108,788
EMU	Exports	89,013	102,555	19,696	21,763	23,185	24,369	23,226	26,035	25,916	27,378
	Imports	57,130	53,330	9,618	14,268	15,796	17,448	11,161	14,061	12,261	15,847
Non-EMU	Exports	250,610	265,128	58,766	61,422	63,303	67,119	59,967	64,691	66,735	73,735
	Imports	282,729	306,855	61,878	67,673	72,710	80,468	72,858	69,261	71,795	92,941
EU	Exports	108,881	123,424	24,099	26,646	28,121	30,015	27,928	31,105	31,227	33,164
	Imports	61,830	58,540	10,659	15,467	16,999	18,705	12,412	15,295	13,539	17,294
Non-EU	Exports	230,742	244,262	54,363	56,540	58,367	61,472	55,266	59,622	61,425	67,949
	Imports	278,027	301,645	60,836	66,473	71,507	79,211	71,607	68,028	70,516	91,494

Primary Income	Inflows	153,352	229,711	32,910	39,968	33,232	47,242	46,355	59,255	62,606	61,495
	Outflows	296,118	344,264	68,915	74,152	74,055	78,996	86,762	88,123	86,786	82,593
EMU	Inflows	48,514	69,196	11,487	11,637	11,450	13,940	14,091	18,730	17,864	18,511
	Outflows	64,268	86,875	14,832	16,849	16,892	15,695	17,789	22,561	22,283	24,242
Non-EMU	Inflows	104,837	160,515	21,423	28,330	21,782	33,302	32,264	40,525	44,742	42,984
	Outflows	231,849	257,389	54,083	57,302	57,163	63,301	68,973	65,562	64,503	58,351
EU	Inflows	52,810	75,126	12,407	12,753	12,556	15,094	15,366	20,336	19,385	20,039
	Outflows	67,446	90,774	15,747	17,784	17,551	16,364	18,846	23,683	23,140	25,105
Non-EU	Inflows	100,542	154,586	20,503	27,215	20,677	32,147	30,989	38,919	43,221	41,457
	Outflows	228,671	253,488	53,168	56,368	56,504	62,631	67,916	64,440	63,645	57,487

Secondary Income	Inflows	7,879	9,177	1,889	1,865	2,211	1,914	2,167	2,174	2,718	2,118
	Outflows	12,574	13,998	3,070	3,057	3,357	3,090	3,357	3,359	3,775	3,507
EMU	Inflows	4,311	5,332	1,143	867	1,165	1,136	1,238	1,289	1,692	1,113
	Outflows	4,876	5,963	1,276	1,035	1,323	1,242	1,396	1,449	1,845	1,273
Non-EMU	Inflows	3,567	3,845	746	997	1,046	778	929	885	1,026	1,005
	Outflows	7,698	8,034	1,794	2,022	2,035	1,847	1,961	1,909	1,930	2,234
EU	Inflows	4,604	5,733	1,198	968	1,222	1,216	1,289	1,356	1,903	1,185
	Outflows	8,496	9,657	2,163	1,946	2,202	2,185	2,333	2,351	2,743	2,230
Non-EU	Inflows	3,274	3,443	691	896	989	698	878	818	814	933
	Outflows	4,078	4,342	907	1,111	1,155	905	1,024	1,008	1,033	1,277

Balance on Current Account		54,589	49,796	16,042	13,805	9,598	15,144	13,572	15,831	20,775	-382

Balance on Capital Account		-1,168	-9,462	812	-171	-901	-908	-133	-6,014	-2,141	-1,174
¹The term ‘EMU’ means the area represented by the 19 Member States participating in Monetary Union since the enlargement of the Euro area on 1 January 2015 to include Lithuania (EMU-19). For years 2018 and 2019, the term ‘EU’ relates to transactions between residents of Ireland and other residents of the EU-28 area. From Q12020, the term ‘EU’ relates to transactions between residents of Ireland and other residents of the EU-27 area, which excludes the United Kingdom following their withdrawal from the European Union on 1 February 2020.
²Adjusted for balance of payments purposes.

Open in Excel: International Accounts Q4 2023 Table 1.6 (XLS 14KB)

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Table 1.7 Financial Account showing geographical detail

Table 1.7 Financial Account¹ showing geographical² detail											€ million
		2022	2023	2022				2023
Item		Year		Quarter 1	Quarter 2	Quarter 3	Quarter 4	Quarter 1	Quarter 2	Quarter 3	Quarter 4

Direct Investment	Abroad	8,922	-6,099	8,148	-4,516	-14,735	20,025	10,567	-36,940	7,112	13,162
	In Ireland	-23,796	-8,476	-7,249	-28,786	7,526	4,713	2,020	-40,785	23,650	6,639

EMU	Abroad	23,150	25,758	4,223	9,370	1,871	7,686	3,493	11,879	4,561	5,825
	In Ireland	26,739	-19,400	6,635	-753	2,878	17,979	-948	-30,938	-2,787	15,273
Non-EMU	Abroad	-14,229	-31,858	3,924	-13,887	-16,605	12,339	7,075	-48,820	2,550	7,337
	In Ireland	-50,537	10,925	-13,885	-28,032	4,649	-13,269	2,968	-9,847	26,437	-8,633
EU	Abroad	19,972	26,335	4,398	9,021	2,808	3,745	3,921	12,177	4,280	5,957
	In Ireland	26,476	-20,477	6,913	-967	2,567	17,963	-3,256	-30,669	-1,910	15,358
Non-EU	Abroad	-11,053	-32,436	3,748	-13,538	-17,543	16,280	6,646	-49,118	2,831	7,205
	In Ireland	-50,272	11,998	-14,162	-27,818	4,959	-13,251	5,275	-10,118	25,560	-8,719

Portfolio Investment	Assets	-41,525	232,342	-46,916	-12,879	-45,408	63,678	-10,332	95,019	88,835	58,820
	Liabilities	96,255	177,946	-8,685	11,640	1,705	91,595	17,664	13,358	43,251	103,673

EMU	Assets	15,370	20,688	-5,391	-2,073	-14,682	37,516	12,427	4,025	21,826	-17,590
	Liabilities	14,161	73,136	-34,308	2,542	10,152	35,775	6,904	19,859	5,913	40,460
Non-EMU	Assets	-56,895	211,654	-41,525	-10,806	-30,726	26,162	-22,760	90,995	67,009	76,410
	Liabilities	82,096	104,814	25,624	9,098	-8,447	55,821	10,761	-6,500	37,339	63,214
EU	Assets	16,238	30,958	-8,723	-223	-14,401	39,585	12,776	5,194	24,777	-11,789
	Liabilities	8,858	69,503	-36,702	2,526	8,317	34,717	8,019	16,809	2,475	42,200
Non-EU	Assets	-57,762	201,385	-38,192	-12,656	-31,007	24,093	-23,108	89,825	64,058	70,610
	Liabilities	87,398	108,444	28,017	9,114	-6,612	56,879	9,645	-3,451	40,776	61,474

Other Investment³	Assets	87,640	-69,884	101,839	-22,700	95,223	-86,722	25,892	-23,738	-8,543	-63,495
	Liabilities	-68,296	-43,682	61,505	-34,595	17,790	-112,996	-3,304	60,048	1,147	-101,573

EMU	Assets	31,971	-6,092	26,949	17,269	18,173	-30,420	23,252	-9,583	-5,484	-14,277
	Liabilities	-10,008	-65,096	4,903	9,396	-610	-23,697	4,945	3,179	3,222	-76,442
Non-EMU	Assets	55,669	-63,793	74,890	-39,969	77,050	-56,302	2,640	-14,155	-3,060	-49,218
	Liabilities	-58,286	21,413	56,603	-43,991	18,401	-89,299	-8,249	56,869	-2,076	-25,131
EU	Assets	37,691	-5,940	30,027	15,063	22,883	-30,282	24,411	-8,286	-6,475	-15,590
	Liabilities	-8,138	-66,052	8,293	5,714	3,301	-25,446	5,707	6,193	4,809	-82,761
Non-EU	Assets	49,946	-63,943	71,811	-37,764	72,339	-56,440	1,482	-15,452	-2,068	-47,905
	Liabilities	-60,157	22,369	53,212	-40,309	14,489	-87,549	-9,012	53,855	-3,662	-18,812

Reserve Assets		485	-435	-129	33	603	-22	11	-24	-529	107

Balance on Financial Account		51,354	30,135	17,370	11,677	8,660	13,647	9,759	1,696	18,826	-146

Net errors and omissions		-2,067	-10,199	516	-1,957	-37	-589	-3,680	-8,121	192	1,410
¹See footnote 1 on Table 1.4.
²The term ‘EMU’ means the area represented by the 19 Member States participating in Monetary Union since the enlargement of the Euro area on 1 January 2015 to include Lithuania (EMU-19). For years 2018 and 2019, the term ‘EU’ relates to transactions between residents of Ireland and other residents of the EU-28 area. From Q12020, the term ‘EU’ relates to transactions between residents of Ireland and other residents of the EU-27 area, which excludes the United Kingdom following their withdrawal from the European Union on 1 February 2020.
³Includes financial derivatives; in the case of liabilities this category also includes life insurance liabilities to non-residents. Occasionally includes large capital transactions which cannot be shown in the Capital Account Balance due to confidentiality constraints.

Open in Excel: International Accounts Q4 2023 Table 1.7 (XLS 14KB)

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International Accounts Q4 2023

Balance of International Payments

Balance of International Payments

Current account balance of -€382m in Quarter 4 2023

Balance of Payments Current Account

Current account (see Table 1.3)

Financial account (see Tables 1.4 and 1.5)

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