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Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets 2024

By Asset

Stock of Dwellings increased by 8.4% in 2024

Online ISSN: 2009-5732

CSO statistical release, 06 November 2025, 11am

Figure 2 shows a breakdown of the net capital stock of fixed assets by asset category.

Research & Development (R&D) related assets declined for the fourth year in a row, from a peak of €417 billion in 2020 to €296 billion by the end of 2024 (see Table 2.1). The decline in these assets contributed to a fall in both the Manufacturing and the Information & Communication sectors. R&D assets make up the vast majority of Intangible Fixed Assets, which fell by €46 billion (-13.1%) in 2024 to a total of €309 billion.

All other asset categories saw growth in their value of net capital stock. Dwellings, excluding land, increased by €36 billion (+8.4%) to a total of €473 billion by the end of the year, contributing significantly to growth in the Real Estate sector. Other Buildings & Structures increased in value by €13 billion (+4.2%) to stand at a total of €311 billion.

Transport Equipment increased by €2 billion (+1.1%) to a total of €173 billion by the end of the year, while Other Machinery & Equipment increased by €4 billion (+8.5%) to a total of €53 billion.

X-axis label	Other Assets	Other Machinery & Equipment	Transport Equipment	Other Buildings & Structures	Dwellings, excluding land	Research & Development
2019	8.28287353550014	34.6837658501	158.4023447083	202.5977709217	263.59500512	388.751998399699
2020	9.02120509929978	34.0755772305	156.5066986575	214.8492764779	278.0793752052	416.9313169011
2021	9.94493765669968	36.5096532928	155.4934269504	244.0352862546	307.128311994	383.582572209901
2022	12.9132743669997	43.3484520517	158.5162423367	280.115248236	371.555799424	362.8428255898
2023	13.8850641445001	48.5650553789	171.8068121482	299.1077197167	436.8688460525	344.609809222
2024	15.9527061778998	52.6998712286	173.6399558384	311.7473683901	473.355507805	296.1161157931

Consumption of Fixed Capital

Depreciation in Research & Development assets accounts for over 60% of the €135 billion in consumption of fixed capital in 2024 (see Table 2.5). Depreciation of R&D stood at €85 billion in 2024, an increase of €3 billion (+3.4%).

Consumption of fixed capital of Dwellings, excluding land, stood at €9 billion (+7.9%) while Other Buildings & Structures depreciated by €13 billion (+4.1%).

Transport Equipment assets depreciated by €15 billion (+2.6%) while Other Machinery & Equipment assets depreciated by €7 billion (+9.7%).

Table 2.1 Net Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at current market prices, 2014-2024

Table 2.2 Net Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at constant market prices (base 2023), 2014-2024

Table 2.3 Gross Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at current market prices, 2014-2024

Table 2.4 Gross Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at constant market prices (base 2023), 2014-2024

Table 2.5 Consumption of Fixed Capital by asset type at current market prices, 2014-2024

Table 2.6 Consumption of Fixed Capital by asset type at constant market prices (base 2023), 2014-2024

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Table 2.1 Net Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at current market prices, 2014-2024											€ million
Asset Category	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Dwellings, excluding land	213,969	223,254	232,036	239,939	257,322	263,595	278,079	307,128	371,556	436,869	473,356
Other buildings and structures	124,454	135,520	148,844	163,590	182,504	202,598	214,849	244,035	280,115	299,108	311,747
of which:
Roads	28,057	29,584	31,444	33,159	35,532	37,854	39,075	43,513	49,083	51,682	53,332
Transport equipment	117,106	128,797	136,922	151,632	156,013	158,402	156,507	155,493	158,516	171,807	173,640
Other machinery and equipment	30,952	33,957	33,095	33,581	34,142	34,684	34,076	36,510	43,348	48,565	52,700
of which:
Office machinery and hardware	4,969	5,157	5,555	5,480	6,435	6,375	5,775	5,724	6,657	6,999	7,537
Cultivated assets	2,295	2,790	2,463	2,578	2,449	2,426	2,567	2,925	3,290	3,144	3,196
Intangible fixed assets	37,456	292,826	308,903	319,963	317,277	394,609	423,386	390,602	372,466	355,351	308,873
of which:
Computer software	2,725	3,745	4,042	4,228	4,718	5,221	5,881	6,467	9,053	10,197	12,240
Research and development	33,843	288,239	304,121	315,027	311,917	388,752	416,931	383,583	362,843	344,610	296,116

Total	526,231	817,144	862,263	911,282	949,707	1,056,314	1,109,463	1,136,694	1,229,292	1,314,843	1,323,512
Source: CSO, Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets

Table 2.2 Net Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at constant market prices (base 2023), 2014-2024											€ million
Asset Category	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Dwellings, excluding land	399,579	398,659	399,049	401,357	405,530	409,630	413,015	418,731	426,539	436,869	446,231
Other buildings and structures	229,407	236,778	244,742	253,746	263,343	274,053	282,206	288,970	294,315	299,108	302,712
of which:
Roads	51,717	51,689	51,703	51,433	51,260	51,189	51,316	51,521	51,570	51,682	51,786
Transport equipment	145,982	157,766	166,050	181,450	184,873	185,609	181,163	175,492	168,539	171,807	168,994
Other machinery and equipment	30,967	33,097	34,401	34,784	36,900	38,099	38,620	40,399	44,276	48,565	51,365
of which:
Office machinery and hardware	4,276	4,386	4,728	4,573	5,523	5,905	5,632	6,160	6,520	6,999	7,534
Cultivated assets	2,945	3,088	3,142	3,214	3,185	3,215	3,219	3,242	3,205	3,144	3,042
Intangible fixed assets	54,494	247,635	271,916	290,981	300,867	386,075	432,729	407,138	377,269	355,351	300,516
of which:
Computer software	4,242	5,456	5,890	6,109	6,420	6,695	7,298	7,594	9,642	10,197	11,215
Research and development	48,949	240,992	265,024	283,912	293,642	378,613	424,765	398,944	367,037	344,610	288,797

Total	863,376	1,077,023	1,119,300	1,165,532	1,194,698	1,296,682	1,350,952	1,333,972	1,314,142	1,314,843	1,272,860
Source: CSO, Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets

Table 2.3 Gross Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at current market prices, 2014-2024											€ million
Asset Category	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Dwellings, excluding land	275,356	289,580	303,117	315,073	339,342	348,967	369,366	408,992	495,304	581,703	630,236
Other buildings and structures	204,177	223,016	245,588	270,131	301,753	334,777	356,075	406,756	470,642	506,202	532,422
of which:
Roads	42,447	45,460	49,055	52,612	57,288	61,958	64,816	73,087	83,565	89,121	93,129
Transport equipment	167,087	186,257	202,415	226,466	240,734	253,435	261,715	271,900	290,349	319,992	333,245
Other machinery and equipment	65,693	70,779	68,982	70,772	70,082	71,152	70,637	75,085	86,693	94,834	102,441
of which:
Office machinery and hardware	11,572	12,327	13,157	13,749	14,637	14,814	14,460	14,196	16,361	17,025	17,934
Cultivated assets	2,302	2,797	2,470	2,587	2,458	2,436	2,579	2,939	3,304	3,159	3,211
Intangible fixed assets	81,962	367,058	420,086	473,498	513,592	635,286	717,933	741,961	799,228	850,844	701,541
of which:
Computer software	6,936	8,748	9,751	10,711	12,293	13,817	15,252	16,905	21,563	25,082	30,389
Research and development	72,395	355,771	408,014	460,655	499,302	619,566	700,925	723,359	775,996	824,168	669,632

Total	796,577	1,139,487	1,242,658	1,358,528	1,467,962	1,646,053	1,778,306	1,907,633	2,145,520	2,356,733	2,303,095
Source: CSO, Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets

Table 2.4 Gross Capital Stock held at end of year by asset type at constant market prices (base 2023)											€ million
Asset Category	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Dwellings, excluding land	515,033	517,686	521,811	527,348	534,993	542,373	548,649	557,658	568,616	581,703	594,088
Other buildings and structures	376,988	390,132	404,286	419,289	435,563	453,010	467,851	481,774	494,516	506,202	516,920
of which:
Roads	78,243	79,427	80,660	81,607	82,646	83,785	85,121	86,539	87,800	89,121	90,430
Transport equipment	207,643	227,759	245,209	270,810	285,122	296,783	302,845	306,896	308,715	319,992	324,435
Other machinery and equipment	64,824	68,107	70,586	72,064	75,264	77,901	79,829	83,083	88,468	94,834	99,907
of which:
Office machinery and hardware	9,937	10,509	11,238	11,470	12,717	13,800	14,192	15,224	16,068	17,025	17,922
Cultivated assets	2,955	3,098	3,152	3,225	3,197	3,228	3,232	3,255	3,219	3,159	3,057
Intangible fixed assets	118,455	334,538	388,737	443,845	494,301	625,907	733,866	772,428	807,525	850,844	683,302
of which:
Computer software	10,797	12,748	14,210	15,476	16,727	17,718	18,929	19,851	22,967	25,082	27,843
Research and development	103,716	318,127	371,281	425,409	474,996	605,852	712,868	750,722	782,829	824,168	653,975

Total	1,285,897	1,541,320	1,633,781	1,736,581	1,828,438	1,999,202	2,136,271	2,205,093	2,271,059	2,356,733	2,221,708
Source: CSO, Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets

Table 2.5 Consumption of Fixed Capital by asset type at current market prices, 2014-2024											€ million
Asset Category	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Dwellings, excluding land	4,187	4,388	4,660	4,765	5,199	5,370	5,446	6,100	7,421	8,364	9,021
Other buildings and structures	5,467	5,935	6,566	7,125	8,021	8,873	9,211	10,535	12,210	12,791	13,315
of which:
Roads	951	1,003	1,066	1,127	1,207	1,284	1,323	1,472	1,663	1,750	1,806
Transport equipment	9,064	10,301	11,207	12,302	13,076	13,378	13,346	13,261	13,641	14,380	14,754
Other machinery and equipment	4,233	4,585	4,614	4,767	4,704	4,901	4,850	4,971	5,766	6,310	6,922
of which:
Office machinery and hardware	1,635	1,697	1,788	1,875	1,974	2,106	2,044	1,909	2,227	2,304	2,503
Cultivated assets	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	2
Intangible fixed assets	8,962	35,531	42,337	49,178	53,682	59,134	73,323	76,807	82,788	87,263	90,934
of which:
Computer software	1,310	1,667	1,950	2,080	2,306	2,561	2,823	3,176	4,052	4,967	5,851
Research and development	7,192	33,426	39,990	46,739	51,027	56,246	70,190	73,338	78,447	82,009	84,813

Total	31,914	60,742	69,385	78,137	84,682	91,657	106,177	111,676	121,828	129,109	134,949
Source: CSO, Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets

Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets 2024

By Asset

By Asset

Stock of Dwellings increased by 8.4% in 2024

Consumption of Fixed Capital

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Table 2.6 Consumption of Fixed Capital by asset type at constant market prices (base 2023), 2014-2024											€ million
Asset Category	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Dwellings, excluding land	8,634	8,425	8,534	8,281	8,395	8,418	8,140	8,365	8,536	8,364	8,470
Other buildings and structures	10,704	10,851	11,266	11,336	11,796	12,219	12,271	12,601	12,852	12,791	12,859
of which:
Roads	1,753	1,753	1,752	1,748	1,741	1,736	1,737	1,743	1,747	1,750	1,754
Transport equipment	11,223	12,565	13,543	14,679	15,461	15,628	15,420	14,971	14,505	14,380	14,397
Other machinery and equipment	3,988	4,239	4,470	4,595	4,836	5,180	5,299	5,465	5,823	6,310	6,792
of which:
Office machinery and hardware	1,402	1,450	1,524	1,562	1,706	1,954	2,003	2,050	2,184	2,304	2,501
Cultivated assets	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
Intangible fixed assets	13,162	32,697	40,260	46,998	52,310	59,200	75,496	80,294	83,773	87,263	88,207
of which:
Computer software	2,039	2,429	2,841	3,005	3,138	3,284	3,504	3,729	4,315	4,967	5,361
Research and development	10,440	29,643	36,870	43,500	48,728	55,519	71,631	76,245	79,157	82,009	82,583

Total	47,712	68,778	78,074	85,890	92,800	100,647	116,628	121,698	125,491	129,109	130,727
Source: CSO, Estimates of the Capital Stock of Fixed Assets