Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) are indicators of price level differences across countries. They indicate how many currency units a given quantity of goods and services will cost in different countries. PPPs can thus be used as currency conversion rates to convert expenditures expressed in national currencies into a common currency, eliminating differences in price levels across countries. This common currency is referred to as the Purchasing Power Standard (PPS). PPPs are indicators primarily designed for comparison between countries rather than for comparison over time.
In their simplest form, PPPs are price relatives that show the ratio of the prices in national currencies of the same good or service in different countries. For example, if the price of a hamburger in Ireland is EUR 2.84 and in the United Kingdom it is GBP 2.20, the PPP for hamburgers between Ireland and the United Kingdom is EUR 2.84 to GBP 2.20, or EUR 1.29 to the pound. In other words, for every pound spent on hamburgers in the United Kingdom, EUR 1.29 would have to be spent in Ireland in order to obtain the same quantity and quality – or volume – of hamburgers.
Published PPPs, usually refer to product groups or broad aggregates like Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rather than to individual products. However, these aggregate PPPs are based on sample surveys of individual goods and services.
The Price Level Index, expresses the price level of a given country relative to another (or relative to a group of countries like the European Union), by dividing the Purchasing Power Parities (PPP) by the current nominal exchange rate.
If the price level index of a country is higher than 100, the country concerned is relatively expensive compared to the one to which it is compared (for example EU), while if the price level index is lower than 100, then the country is relatively cheap compared to the other country.
Price Level Indices are not intended to rank countries strictly. In fact, they only provide an indication of the order of magnitude of the price level in one country in relation to others, particularly when countries are clustered around a very narrow range of outcomes. The degree of uncertainty associated with the basic price data and the methods used for compiling PPPs, may affect in such a case the minor differences between the PLIs and result in differences in ranking which are not statistically or economically significant.
The convergence or divergence of prices among countries is of interest in a number of contexts such as competition policy and consumer protection. PLIs provide a means of observing the movement of price levels over time, but they have to be used with caution. First, except within the euro area, they are influenced by exchange rate fluctuations (being the ratios between PPPs and exchange rates). Second, independently of exchange rates, they are volatile. This is generally so at the lower aggregation levels where sample sizes are small. Usually such volatility diminishes, if not disappears, with aggregation. Volatility particularly arises when the basket of goods and services to be priced changes from one price survey to another in order to accommodate market developments. For example, in this respect, the basket for Food and Non-Alcoholic Beverages is relatively stable, while that for electronic goods is altered substantially each time it is surveyed. Volatility of this type also diminishes with aggregation. For these reasons, PLIs are better suited to monitoring price convergence at higher levels of aggregation over long periods of time.
The PLIs for household final consumption expenditure are sometimes used to measure the differences in the cost of living between countries. This is correct to the extent that they indicate whether the overall price level for consumer goods and services faced by the average household in one country is higher or lower than the overall price level for consumer goods and services faced by the average household in another country. Households or individuals considering moving from one country to another for reasons of employment, retirement or even a holiday should exercise caution when attempting to infer from these measures of overall price levels how the change of country will affect their cost of living. The PLIs for household final consumption expenditure reflect the expenditure pattern of the average household which in all likelihood is different from that of the household or individual contemplating the move. Also, the PLIs are national averages and they do not reflect differences in the cost of living between specific locations such as London and Paris or the Côte d’Azur and the Costa del Sol.
PLI for a given country is calculated as its Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) divided by its annual average exchange rate to the euro. This implies that exchange rate movements have an impact on the PLIs. A depreciation of a country's currency against the euro will make the country cheaper in comparison to euro area countries and this will show as a decrease of the relative price level expressed in the PLI. In 2015, several countries experienced relatively large exchange rate movements. The most prominent examples are Turkey and Norway (depreciation of 30.8% and 19.7% respectively between 2012 and 2015) and Switzerland (appreciation of 11.4%). The national currencies of the United Kingdom and Iceland also appreciated against the euro by 10.5% and 9.0% respectively. This explains in part some changes in the position of countries in PLIs compared to previously published data for 2012.
The main use of PPPs is to convert national accounts aggregates, like the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of different countries, into comparable volume aggregates. Applying nominal exchange rate in this process would overestimate the GDP of countries with high price levels relative to countries with low price levels. The use of PPPs ensures that the GDP of all countries is valued at a uniform price level and thus reflects only differences in the actual volume of the economy.
PPPs are also applied in the analysis of relative price levels across countries. For this purpose, the PPPs are divided by the current nominal exchange rate to obtain a Price Level Index which expresses the price level of a given country relative to another, or relative to a group of countries like the EU28.
PPPs are also used in the analysis of price convergence.
Strict ranking of countries without taking statistical error margins into account
Calculating national growth rates
Industry-specific output and productivity comparisons
Cost-of-living comparisons for individuals
Assessing potential undervaluation or overvaluation of currencies or use as equilibrium exchange rates
As already outlined Price Level Indices are derived from Purchasing Power Parities. Purchasing Power Parities, in their most elementary form, are price ratios for a comparable product (a good or a service) in different countries. Prices in the national currency serve as a starting point. Comparisons on the basis of PPPs are thus founded on ratios of purchaser prices in different currencies for identical or comparable products (e.g. 1 kg rice, 1 bottle of whiskey). These goods and services are carefully defined in detailed product descriptions, at a European level, prior to the price survey and are selected taking into account their representativity. An overview of the product types for the Food, Beverages and Tobacco survey is given below. The complete item list is included at the end of the Background Notes.
Bread and Cereals: rice, other cereals, flour and other cereal products, bread, other bakery products and pasta products.
Meat: beef and veal, pork, lamb, mutton and goat, poultry, other meats and edible offal, delicatessen and other meat preparations.
Fish: fresh, chilled or frozen fish and seafood, preserved or processed fish and seafood.
Milk, Cheese, Eggs: fresh milk, preserved milk and other milk products, cheese, eggs and egg-based products.
Oils and Fats: butter, margarine, other edible oils and fats.
Fruits, Vegetables and Potatoes: fresh or chilled fruit, frozen, preserved or processed fruit and fruit-based products, fresh or chilled potatoes, frozen, preserved or processed vegetables and vegetable-based products.
Other Food Products: sugar, jams, marmalades and honey, confectionery, chocolate and other cocoa preparations, edible ice, ice cream and sorbet and food products n.e.c.
Non-Alcoholic Beverages: coffee, tea and cocoa, mineral waters, soft drinks and concentrates, fruit and vegetable juices.
Alcoholic Beverages: spirits, wine and beer.
Tobacco: tobacco.
A total of 440 items were included in the product list for the 2015 Food Beverages and Tobacco Survey. This item list was circulated to all 38 Countries. In Ireland we priced 375 items and collected 6,200 prices. The prices were collected in Dublin in a variety of outlets mainly in Supermarkets and specialty stores e.g. Greengrocers, Butcher shops, Fishmongers, Off Licence stores etc. Price collections took place in Dublin City and Suburbs during April 2015.
After each survey all countries are required to provide Eurostat with spatial adjustment factors in order to adjust average prices obtained from one or more locations within the economic territory of a participating country to national average prices. According to the PPP Regulation they are required to measure regional differences in price levels once every six years. Currently Ireland, and a number of other countries, submits a factor of 1.
It is planned to review this factor in the coming months.
The national survey prices, irrespective of whether they are adjusted capital city prices or national prices supplied directly by countries, refer to the point in time when the survey was conducted, for the Food Beverages and Tobacco Survey this was April 2015. They are not annual prices and need to be adjusted accordingly. To this end, participating countries are required to provide Eurostat or the OECD with monthly temporal adjustment factors with which the national survey prices can be converted to national annual prices. Ireland supplies Eurostat with the required Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) data for this purpose.
The aim of the survey is to collect the prices that purchasers would have to pay if they were to actually purchase the goods and services specified at the time of the survey.
For the purpose of the Food, Beverages and Tobacco survey VAT and other indirect taxes e.g. excise duty are included. In general, discounts are excluded.
It is important to note that PLIs are national averages and they do not reflect differences in the cost of living between specific locations such as London and Paris or the Côte d’Azur and the Costa del Sol.
As already mentioned, PLIs are not intended to rank countries strictly. In fact, they only provide an indication of the order of magnitude of the price level in one country in relation to others, particularly when countries are clustered around a very narrow range of outcomes.
PLIs can provide a means of observing the movement of price levels over time, but they have to be used with caution. First, except within the euro area, they are influenced by exchange rate fluctuations (being the ratios between PPPs and exchange rates). Second, independently of exchange rates, they are volatile. This is generally so at the lower aggregation levels where sample sizes are small. For these reasons, PLIs are better suited to monitoring price convergence at higher levels of aggregation over long periods of time.
The Consumer Price Index is a more reliable measure of the development of prices in a given country. Similarly if we want to compare the rate of price change in two or more countries the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) is readily available, at least for European Countries.
A time series of PLIs shows, for each consecutive year, the various countries’ price levels in relation to each other, and provides a rough indication of how these relative price levels have developed.
Austria (AT)
Belgium (BE)
Bulgaria (BU)
Croatia (HR)
Cyprus (CY)
Czech Republic (CZ)
Denmark (DK)
Estonia (EE)
Finland (FI)
France (FR)
Germany (DE)
Greece (EL)
Hungary (HU)
Ireland (IE)
Italy (IT)
Latvia (LV)
Lithuania (LT)
Luxembourg (LU)
Malta (MA)
Netherlands (NE)
Poland (PL)
Portugal (PT)
Romania (RO)
Slovakia (SK)
Slovenia (SI)
Spain (ES)
Sweden (SE)
United Kingdom (UK)
Albania (AL)
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of (MK)*
Montenegro (ME)
Serbia (RS)
Turkey (TR)
*MK: Provisional code which does not prejudge in any way the definitive nomenclature for this country which will be agreed following the conclusion of negotiations currently taking place on this subject at the UN.
Bosnia & Herzegovina (BA)
Iceland (IS)
Norway (NO)
Switzerland (CH)
Price level indices for Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244/99) are also included.
BL = Brandless
SB = Specific Brand
WKB = Well Known Brand
Long-grain rice, parboiled, WKB
Long-grain rice, not parboiled, BL
Long-grain rice, parboiled, in cooking bags, WKB
Round-grain rice, WKB
Risotto rice, WKB
Basmati rice, WKB
Sticky rice, WKB
Wheat flour, WKB
Wheat flour, BL
Wheat semolina, WKB
Flaked oats for cooking, WKB
Baguette
Roll
Roll, multicorn
Bread, white, small loaf
Bread, white, large loaf
Bread, white, industrially packed, WKB
Bread, white, toast, small pack, WKB
Bread, white, toast, large pack, WKB
Bread, whole meal, wheat
Bread, whole meal, wheat, toast, WKB
Bread, whole meal, rye, WKB
Bread, mixed
Bread, mixed, organic
Bread, multicorn
Bread, multicorn, industrially packed, WKB
Bread rye, sold loose
Bread, rye, industrially packed, WKB
Rye portion bread, industrially packed, WKB
Biscuits, with butter, WKB
Biscuits, chocolate chip cookies, WKB
Biscuits, chocolate chip cookies, BL
Biscuits, sandwich cream, WKB
Biscuits, wafers, WKB
Ladyfinger biscuits, WKB
Biscuits, salted crackers, SB
Sponge cake base, WKB
Croissant
Doughnut
Wheat tortillas, WKB
Rusks, WKB
Crispbread, Swedish type, SB
Pizza, frozen, SB
Pizza, frozen, WKB
Pizza, frozen, BL
Spaghetti, SB
Spaghetti, WKB
Spaghetti, BL
Pasta, without eggs, WKB
Pasta, without eggs, BL
Pasta, with eggs, WKB
Fresh tortellini or ravioli, WKB
Lasagne bolognese, frozen, WKB
Couscous, WKB
Cornflakes, SB
Cornflakes, BL
Breakfast cereal, SB
Cocoa/chocolate flavoured breakfast cereals, WKB
Muesli, crunchy, WKB
Muesli, WKB
Breakfast cereal bars, WKB
Maize starch, WKB
Puff pastry, frozen, WKB
Chocolate cake baking-mix, WKB
Chocolate muffin baking mix, WKB
Beef, fillet, tenderloin
Beef, rumpsteak
Beef, center brisket, with bones
Beef, Silverside
Beef, Sirloin steak
Beef, cubes for stew
Beef, minced
Veal, breast, with bones
Veal, schnitzel/escalope
Veal, loin
Pork, fillet, tenderloin
Pork, schnitzel/escalope
Pork, loin chop
Pork, belly
Pork, ribs
Pork, collar
Pork, shreds or dices
Pork, joint piece for roasting
Lamb, hind leg
Lamb, middle loin chops
Frozen lamb, whole leg
Chicken, for roasting
Chicken, for roasting, free range
Chicken, for roasting, frozen
Chicken breast, fillets
Chicken breast, fillets, shreds or dices
Chicken legs, whole leg incl. thigh and drumstick
Chicken liver
Turkey breast, fillet
Bacon, sold loose
Bacon, industrially packed, WKB
Sausage, Frankfurter/Wiener type, natural skin, WKB
Sausage, Frankfurter/Wiener type, artificial skin, WKB
Sausage, Frankfurter/Wiener type, poultry meat, WKB
Sausage, fresh and raw, sold loose
Sausage, mortadella type, sold loose
Cooked pork sausage, country typical variety, sold loose
Ham, air dried, sold loose
Ham, air dried, industrially packed, WKB
Ham, from the thigh, cooked and smoked, sold loose
Ham, pressed, WKB
Ham, turkey, WKB
Salami, sold loose
Salami, WKB
Beef/pork, minced
Grilled/roasted chicken
Pork liver pâté, tinned, WKB
Luncheon meat, WKB
Chicken nuggets/dippers, frozen, WKB
Precooked meat balls, WKB
Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Cod (Gadus morhua), fillet
Mackerel (Scomber scombrus)
Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), fillet
Rainbow-Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Salmon (Atlantic salmon - Salmo salar), fillet
Salmon, steak (Atlantic salmon - Salmo salar)
Sardines (Sardina pilchardus)
Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)
Cod (Gadus morhua), frozen, WKB
Hake (Merluccius merluccius), Alaska Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), fillet, frozen, WKB
Pangasius catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus), fillet, frozen, BL
Salmon, fillet, frozen, WKB
Mussels (Moule mytilidae)
Squid (Loligo vulgaris)
Shrimps (Crangon crangon), fresh, peeled
Shrimps (Pandalus borealis), fresh, unpeeled
Octopus (Octopus vulgaris)
Calamari rings, WKB
Sea fruits ("Frutti di mare"), WKB
Shrimps (Pandalus borealis), small package, WKB
Shrimps (Pandalus borealis), large package WKB
Hot-smoked mackerel (Scomber scombrus), fillet, WKB
Cold-smoked salmon, WKB
Herring fillets in jar, WKB
Tinned sardines, in olive oil, with skin and bones, WKB
Tinned sardines, in vegetable oil, WKB
Tinned mackerel fillet, in tomato sauce or vegetable oil, WKB
Tinned pink tuna (Skipjack, Thunnus Thynn, Albacares = yellow fin), WKB
Tinned tuna flakes, in vegetable oil, BL
Breaded fish fillet (Pollock), 2 - 4 pieces, frozen, WKB
Breaded fish fillet (Cod), 2 - 5 pieces, frozen, WKB
Fish fingers, from fillet, WKB
Fish fingers, BL
Milk fresh unskimmed, organic, WKB
Milk, fresh, unskimmed, WKB
Milk, fresh, unskimmed, BL
Milk, UHT, unskimmed, WKB
Milk, fresh, semi-skimmed, organic, WKB
Milk, fresh, semi-skimmed, WKB
Milk, UHT, semi-skimmed, WKB
Milk, UHT, semi-skimmed, BL
Milk, fresh, skimmed, WKB
Coffee creamer, liquid, WKB
Milk, condensed, WKB
Milk, powdered, for babies, WKB
Natural yoghurt, small pack, WKB
Natural yoghurt, low fat, large pack, WKB
Natural yoghurt, BL
Yoghurt, multipack, SB
Fruit yoghurt, WKB
Fruit yoghurt, low fat, small pack, WKB
Yoghurt, fruit flavoured, multipack, WKB
Yoghurt drink, multipack, SB
Yoghurt drink, fruit flavoured, WKB
Cream cheese, SB
Cream cheese, industrially packed, WKB
Cheese, processed, sliced, industrially packed, WKB
Cheese, processed, spreadable, industrially packed, WKB
Cheese, blue, industrially packed, WKB
Cheese, original Brie, industrially packed, WKB
Cheese, Camembert type, industrially packed, WKB
Cheese, Edam type, young, sold loose, WKB
Cheese, Edam or Gouda type, young, industrially packed, BL
Cheese, Emmental type, industrially packed, WKB
Cheese, original Feta, industrially packed, WKB
Cheese, Feta type, industrially packed, WKB
Cheese, Gouda type, sold loose, WKB
Cheese, Gouda type, industrially packed, WKB
Cheese, Grana Padano, industrially packed, WKB
Cheese, Mozzarella, industrially packed, WKB
Cheese, Parmesan type, dehydrated & grated, industrially packed, WKB
Gratin cheese, grated, industrially packed, WKB
Sour cream / crème epaisse / smetana, WKB
Sour cream / crème epaisse légère / smetana, low fat, WKB
Sour cream / crème epaisse légère / smetana, low fat, BL
Cream for whipping, WKB
Whipped cream in container, WKB
Dessert creme (pudding), chocolate or vanilla, WKB
Chicken eggs, caged hen, large size
Chicken eggs, caged hen, medium size
Chicken eggs, barn hen (élevées au sol, Bodenhaltung)
Chicken eggs, free range
Chicken eggs, organic
Butter, unsalted, WKB
Butter, unsalted, BL
Butter, salted, WKB
Margarine, for spreading and cooking, WKB
Margarine, for spreading and cooking, BL
Margarine, low fat, for spreading, WKB
Margarine, for cooking, WKB
Peanut butter, smooth, WKB
Olive oil, extra virgin, WKB
Olive oil, extra virgin, BL
Corn / maize oil, WKB
Sunflower oil, WKB
Sunflower oil, BL
Vegetable oil, for frying, WKB
Fresh apples, Golden Delicious or Granny Smith
Fresh apples, country typical variety
Fresh bananas
Fresh oranges
Fresh mandarines
Fresh lemons
Fresh grapes, white
Fresh pears
Fresh watermelon
Fresh peaches
Fresh kiwis
Fresh strawberries
Fresh pineapples
Frozen strawberries, WKB
Frozen raspberries, WKB
Frozen berries, mixed, BL
Dried almonds, peeled, WKB
Dried hazelnuts, WKB
Dried walnuts, WKB
Dried cashew nuts, WKB
Dried peanuts, WKB
Raisins, WKB
Raisins, BL
Dried prunes, WKB
Tinned peaches, in syrup, WKB
Tinned peaches, in syrup, BL
Tinned pineapple, whole slices, BL
Tinned pears, in syrup, WKB
Fruit cocktail, in syrup, WKB
Fresh aubergines (eggplants)
Fresh broccoli
Fresh cabbage lettuce, round, soft leaves
Fresh carrots
Fresh cauliflower
Fresh courgettes
Fresh cucumber
Fresh cultivated mushrooms, white, whole
Fresh green pepper
Fresh leek
Fresh lettuce, iceberg
Fresh mixed salad, in bag
Fresh tomatoes, round
Fresh tomato cluster
Fresh white cabbage
Fresh yellow onions
Garlic
Frozen green beans, fine, WKB
Frozen mixed vegetables, natural, WKB
Frozen mixed vegetables, natural, BL
Frozen peas, small/fine, SB
Frozen spinach, natural, WKB
Tinned sweet corn, BL
Tomato puree (Passata di Pomodoro), WKB
Chopped tomatoes, WKB
Chopped tomatoes, BL
Mushrooms, slices in salt water, BL
Beetroot, slices in vinegar, WKB
Green olives, without stones, WKB
Pickled gherkins, WKB
Tomato paste, WKB
Dried white beans, BL
Dried lentils, WKB
Fresh potatoes, sold loose
Fresh potatoes, industrially packed
Fresh potatoes, labeled "new"
Frozen French fries, WKB
Salted crisps, SB
Potato crisps, WKB
Potato crisps, BL
Potato crisps, flavoured, WKB
White sugar, WKB
White sugar, BL
Icing sugar, WKB
Sugar lumps, WKB
Honey, mixed blossoms, WKB
Honey, mixed blossoms, BL
Jam, apricot or strawberry, WKB
Jam, apricot or strawberry, BL
Jam, red berries, WKB
Chocolate, dark, SB
Chocolate, milk, with hazelnuts, SB
Chocolate, milk, WKB
Chocolate, milk, BL
Milk chocolate bars, SB
Chocolate bar, individually sold, SB
Chocolate bar, with almonds and honey, SB
Chocolate bar, multipack, SB
Chocolate egg, individually sold, Kinder Surprise, SB
Caramel sweets, "Toffees", WKB
Fruit drops, WKB
Jellies, SB
Assorted jellies, WKB
Chewy candies, toffees, WKB
Chewing gum, 10 - 12 pellets, WKB
Chewing gum, bag, WKB
Nutella, SB
Ice cream, single piece SB
Ice cream, multipack SB
Ice cream, Magnum type, single piece, WKB
Ice cream, Cornetto type, single piece, WKB
Ice cream, Cornetto type, multipack, WKB
Ice cream, 500 - 1000 ml, SB
Ice cream, 500 - 1000 ml, WKB
Ice cream, 1000 - 2500 ml, BL
Sweetener, tablets, SB
Sweetener, tablets, WKB
Tomato ketchup, SB
Tomato ketchup, WKB
Tomato ketchup, BL
Mayonnaise, WKB
Mustard, WKB
Soya sauce, WKB
Tomato sauce for pasta (sugo), WKB
Mineral table salt, WKB
Mineral table salt, BL
Sea salt, WKB
Black pepper, WKB
Cinnamon, WKB
Baby food, fruit or vegetable base, puree, WKB
Baby food, rice base (infant cereal), WKB
Baby food, meat base, WKB
Baby food, flour base (infant cereal), WKB
Baby food, semolina base, WKB
Ready-made meal, chicken and rice, chilled, WKB
Ready-made meal, including meat, frozen, WKB
Triangle sandwich, WKB
Burger sandwiches, double-pack, WKB
Yeast, fresh
Soup in sachet, cream of mushroom, SB
Meat extract, SB
Dried mixed vegetables (Vegeta type), with salt, WKB
Coffee, roasted, Arabica, WKB
Coffee, roasted, blend, small pack, WKB
Coffee, roasted, blend, large pack, WKB
Instant coffee, SB
Instant coffee, WKB
Instant coffee, BL
Coffee pads, WKB
Coffee capsules, SB
Earl grey tea, SB
Black tea, small box, WKB
Black tea, large box, WKB
Black tea, small box, BL
Green tea, in bags, WKB
Infusion, blossoms or herbs or fruits, WKB
Cocoa, powder, WKB
Cocoa instant drink, powder, SB
Cocoa instant drink, powder, WKB
Mineral water, SB
Water, carbonated, small bottle, WKB
Water, carbonated, flavoured, small bottle, WKB
Water, carbonated, large bottle, WKB
Water, still, small bottle, WKB
Water, still, large bottle, WKB
Water, still, large bottle, multipack, WKB
Water, still, large bottle, BL
Cola, SB1, bottle
Cola, SB, bottle, multipack
Cola, SB, can
Cola, SB, can, multipack
Cola, SB2, bottle
Cola, bottle, BL
Carbonated drink, orange flavoured, WKB
Energy drink, SB
Ice tea, WKB
Orange juice, WKB
Orange juice, BL
Apple juice, not from concentrate, WKB
Apple juice, BL
Cognac, SB
Scotch whiskey, SB
Irish whiskey, SB
American whiskey, SB
Vodka, WKB
Gin, SB
White Rum, SB
Liqueur, SB
Liqueur with herbs, SB
Brandy, WKB
Fruit spirit, WKB
Rum Energy Drink
Red wine, table wine, in a bottle, BL
Red wine, regional wine, European, in a box, WKB
Red wine, regional wine, European, Cabernet Sauvignon, in a bottle, WKB
Red wine, regional wine, European, Syrah (Shiraz), in a bottle, WKB
Red wine, ACO, European, Cabernet Sauvignon, WKB
Red wine, ACO, European, Merlot, WKB
Red wine, Spain, SB
Red wine, non-European, in a box, WKB
Red wine, non-European, Cabernet Sauvignon, WKB
Red wine, non-European, Merlot, WKB
White wine, table wine, in a bottle, BL
White wine, ACO, European, Chardonnay, WKB
White wine, ACO, European, Riesling, WKB
White wine, ACO, European, Sauvignon Blanc, WKB
White wine, non-European, Chardonnay, WKB
White wine, non-European, Sauvignon Blanc, WKB
Rosé wine, ACO, European, WKB
Champagne, SB
Sparkling wine, méthode Champenoise (fermentation in the
bottle), WKB
Sparkling wine, fermentation in tank, WKB
Apple cider, WKB
Aperitif, SB
Aperitif, Vermouth, SB
Aperitif, Tawny Port wine, WKB
Beer, domestic brand, single bottle, WKB
Beer, domestic brand, multipack of bottles, WKB
Beer, domestic brand, bottle crate, WKB
Beer, domestic brand, single can, WKB
Beer, domestic brand, multipack of cans, WKB
Beer, single can, BL
Beer, SB1
Beer, SB2
Beer, multipack, SB
Beer, domestic brand, single bottle, lower alcohol, WKB
Beer, domestic brand, multipack of bottles, lower alcohol, WKB
Beer, domestic brand, single can, lower alcohol, WKB
Beer, domestic brand, multipack of cans, lower alcohol, WKB
Cigarettes, with filter, domestic brand, WKB
Cigarettes, with filter, not domestic brand, WKB
Cigarettes, with filter, SB1
Cigarettes, with filter, SB2
Cigarettes, with filter, SB3
Cigarettes, with filter, SB4
Cigarettes, with filter, SB5
Cigarettes, with filter, SB6
Roll Your Own tobacco, WKB
PPP surveys run by the CSO are funded by the European Union through annual grants administered by Eurostat.