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Earnings and Labour Costs Q4 2022 (Final) Q1 2023 (Preliminary Estimates)

Average weekly earnings up 4.3% in the 12 months to Q1 2023

Online ISSN: 2009-5023

CSO statistical publication, 31 May 2023, 11am

Key Findings

Average weekly earnings were €923.48 in Q1 2023, an increase of 4.3% from €885.33 in Q1 2022.
Average hourly earnings rose by 4.1% to €28.55 from €27.42 in Q1 2022.
Average weekly paid hours were 32.4 in Q1 2023, up by 0.3% from the Q1 2022 value of 32.3.
The job vacancy rate at the end of Q1 2023 was 1.4%, down from 1.6% at the end of Q1 2022 and slightly up from 1.3% at the end of Q4 2022.
Average hourly other labour costs grew by 27.2% to €4.58 from €3.60 in Q1 2022.
The highest averages for hourly total labour costs were €54.10 in Information & Communication and €51.63 in Financial, Insurance & Real Estate Activities.
The lowest averages for hourly total labour costs were €17.65 in Accommodation & Food Service Activities and €25.37 in Arts, Entertainment, Recreation & Other Services.
The Public Administration & Defence sector had the highest job vacancy rate at 3.0% in Q1 2023, followed by 2.8% in the Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities sector.

Statistician's Comment

The Central Statistics Office (CSO) has today (31 May 2023) issued Earnings and Labour costs results with Preliminary estimates for Q1 2023 and Final estimates for Q4 2022.

Commenting on the data, Louise Egan, Statistician in the Earnings Analysis Division, said: “Preliminary estimates for January, February, and March (Q1) 2023 show average weekly earnings were €923.48, up 4.3% compared with €885.33 in Q1 2022.

Earnings and hours

The largest annual percentage increase in Q1 2023 in average weekly earnings was 10.1% in the Information & Communication sector.

Average hourly earnings grew on an annual basis by 4.1% to €28.55, while average weekly paid hours increased by 0.3% to 32.4 in the year from Q1 2022 to Q1 2023. Over the three years from Q1 2020, where the first quarter in that year was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, to Q1 2023, average hourly earnings rose by 15.3% from €24.76 to €28.55, while average paid hours rose slightly to 32.4 hours from 32.3 hours.

Labour costs

Average hourly other labour costs increased by 27.2% across all economic sectors to €4.58 in Q1 2023 from €3.60 in Q1 2022. A significant factor in this growth was the ending of the Employment Wage Subsidy Scheme (EWSS) on 31 May 2022. EWSS payments to enterprises were recorded as subsidies and refunds received and were deducted from other labour costs during the period Q1 2020 to Q2 2022.

In the three years to Q1 2023, average hourly total labour costs increased by 15.8%. The percentage changes across the sectors in the period Q1 2020 to Q1 2023 ranged from 2.6% in Transportation & Storage to 26.8% in Information & Communication.

Job Vacancy Rate

The job vacancy rate in Q1 2023, which measures job vacancies on the last working day of the quarter, was 1.4%, up from 1.3% at the end of Q4 2022 and also up from 0.8% at the end of Q1 2020."

Preliminary Estimates Q1 2023

Headline Table: Earnings, Hours and Labour Costs, unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
	Average Weekly Earnings	Average Hourly Earnings	Average Hourly Total Labour Costs	Average Weekly Paid Hours
	€	€	€	Hours
	Unadjusted
Q1 2022	885.33	27.42	31.02	32.3
Q1 2023	923.48	28.55	33.13	32.4
Annual % change	4.3	4.1	6.8	0.3
	Seasonally Adjusted
Q4 2022	900.71	27.79	32.31	32.3
Q1 2023	907.48	27.82	32.26	32.8
Quarterly % change	0.8	0.1	-0.2	1.5

Open in Excel: Earnings and Labour Costs Q1 2023 HLT (XLS 34KB)

Editor's Note: While there is no internationally agreed methodology for assessing the public/private sector wage gap, the CSO has published analysis of the differential using a matched Labour Force Survey and P35 dataset for 2015-2018. This analysis took account of compositional differences between the public and private sector, such as occupational mix, sectors of activity, gender balance, union membership, etc. The public sector pay gap in 2018 was estimated to range from -3.8% to +0.1% depending on the specification applied and the treatment of the Pension Levy.

See most recent analysis for 2015-2018 here. See also previous versions for 2009-2010 here (PDF 678KB) and for 2011-2014 here (PDF 686KB)

Earnings and Hours

Average weekly earnings were €923.48 in Q1 2023, an increase of 4.3% compared with €885.33 from one year earlier, according to preliminary estimates of the Earnings and Labour Costs quarterly release.

The largest annual percentage increase in Q1 2023 in average weekly earnings was 10.1% in the Information & Communication sector, with a rise from €1,510.01 to €1,661.83. The second largest increase was 8.8% in the Public Administration & Defence sector which rose from €989.24 to €1,076.56 over the year.

In the five years to Q1 2023, average weekly earnings rose by 24.0%. All sectors saw increases to average weekly earnings over this period.

Average hourly earnings grew on an annual basis by 4.1% to €28.55 in Q1 2023, while average weekly paid hours increased from 32.3 in Q1 2022 to 32.4 in Q1 2023. Over the three years from Q1 2020 to Q1 2023, average hourly earnings rose by 15.3% from €24.76 to €28.55, while average paid hours rose slightly to 32.4 hours in Q1 2023 from 32.3 in Q1 2020.

	5 Year % Change
Information & communication	39.0152497427704
Admin & support service	29.751204429424
Accommodation & food	27.1551593896359
Arts & entertainment	24.9665551839465
All sectors	23.9969923196734
Industry	21.4018804907353
Health & social	21.1043255565249
Professional & technical	19.963812474945
Construction	19.7866902190641
Wholesale & retail	18.8507992895204
Education	16.8748653887573
Financial & real estate	16.0223940282591
Public admin & defence	12.4180276513095
Transportation	10.1708003402919

X-axis label	Unadjusted	Seasonally Adjusted
Q116	22.55	22.04
Q216	21.97	21.99
Q316	21.56	22.07
Q416	22.18	22.18
Q117	22.69	22.13
Q217	22.27	22.29
Q317	22.16	22.72
Q417	22.6	22.6
Q118	23.4	22.8
Q218	22.94	22.97
Q318	22.62	23.22
Q418	23.33	23.32
Q119	24.05	23.41
Q219	23.69	23.72
Q319	23.53	24.18
Q419	24.23	24.21
Q120	24.76	24.09
Q220	25.39	25.42
Q320	24.38	25.06
Q420	25.56	25.53
Q121	26.83	26.16
Q221	26.07	26.11
Q321	25.29	26
Q421	26.27	26.22
Q122	27.42	26.71
Q222	26.72	26.76
Q322	26.19	26.93
Q422	27.85	27.79
Q123	28.55	27.82

	Q1 2022	Q1 2023
Industry	27.45	29.09
Construction	23.68	24.65
Wholesale & retail	21.7	22.57
Transportation	23.2	23.37
Accommodation & food	15.17	15.97
Information & communication	40.92	44.18
Financial & real estate	40.04	41.62
Professional & technical	31.68	31.96
Admin & support service	23.53	22.96
Public admin & defence	28.54	30.11
Education	38.99	39.74
Health & social	24.85	26.89
Arts & entertainment	21.76	21.76
All sectors	27.42	28.55

X-axis label	Unadjusted	Seasonally Adjusted
Q116	31.7	32.1
Q216	32.1	32
Q316	32.6	32.4
Q416	32.4	32.3
Q117	32	32.4
Q217	32.4	32.4
Q317	32.4	32.2
Q417	32.4	32.3
Q118	31.8	32.2
Q218	32.5	32.5
Q318	32.8	32.6
Q418	32.5	32.4
Q119	32.1	32.5
Q219	32.6	32.6
Q319	32.7	32.4
Q419	32.5	32.4
Q120	32.3	32.7
Q220	32.2	32.2
Q320	32.6	32.3
Q420	33.1	33
Q121	32.1	32.4
Q221	32.6	32.7
Q321	33.1	32.8
Q421	32.9	32.8
Q122	32.3	32.6
Q222	32.6	32.7
Q322	33.1	32.8
Q422	32.4	32.3
Q123	32.4	32.8

Total Labour Costs

Average hourly total labour costs were €33.13 across all economic sectors in Q1 2023.

Information & Communication had the highest average for hourly total labour costs at €54.10, followed by €51.63 in the Financial, Insurance & Real Estate Activities sector. The sectors with the lowest cost of employing labour were Accommodation & Food Services Activities at €17.65 and Arts, Entertainment, Recreation & Other Service Activities at €25.37.

Average hourly total labour costs increased by 22.4% over the five years to Q1 2023, from €27.06 per hour to €33.13. The percentage changes across the sectors ranged from 9.1% in Transportation & Storage to 36.5% in Information & Communication.

	5 Year % Change
Information & communication	36.5471983846542
Arts & entertainment	28.3257460799191
Admin & support services	26.7497603068073
All sectors	22.4316334072432
Construction	21.4285714285714
Industry	20.7443142660234
Wholesale & retail	20.1657458563536
Accommodation & food	18.9353099730458
Health & social	18.5522151898734
Professional & technical	18.0384736676127
Financial & real estate	17.5814165338192
Public admin & defence	16.955139526669
Education	13.0955414012739
Transportation	9.14560770156438

Public Sector

Average weekly earnings grew by 7.7% across the public sector in the year to Q1 2023, rising from €1,024.76 to €1,103.31. An Garda Síochána had the highest average weekly earnings in Q1 2023 in the public sector at €1,495.95. The highest average hourly earnings in this period were €45.44 in the Education sector.

FALSE

	Q1 2022	Q1 2023
Civil service	904.93	1052.42
Defence	926.77	920.69
Garda Siochana	1387.93	1495.95
Education	1047.13	1125.53
Regional bodies	888.12	939.63
Health	1018.31	1097.69
Semi-state	1103.04	1155.26
All sectors	1024.76	1103.31

	Q1 2022	Q1 2023
Civil service	43300	45400
Defence	8800	9400
Garda Siochana	14500	14300
Education	111900	111900
Regional bodies	35100	35700
Health	153900	172900
Semi-state	56600	60500

Job Vacancies

The job vacancy rate in Q1 2023, which measures job vacancies on the last working day of the quarter, was down at 1.4% from 1.6% in Q1 2022. It was slightly up from 1.3% recorded at the end of Q4 2022.

The highest job vacancy rates in Q1 2023 were 3.0% in Public Administration & Defence, followed by 2.8% in Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities.

There were 30,300 job vacancies, (rounded to the nearest 100), at the end of Q1 2023, down by 2,900 from the end of Q1 2022.

X-axis label	Job Vacancy Rate
Q116	1
Q216	0.9
Q316	1
Q416	0.9
Q117	1
Q217	1.1
Q317	1.1
Q417	1
Q118	1
Q218	1.2
Q318	1
Q418	0.9
Q119	1
Q219	1.1
Q319	0.9
Q419	0.9
Q120	0.8
Q220	0.7
Q320	0.8
Q420	0.9
Q121	1
Q221	1.2
Q321	1.5
Q421	1.4
Q122	1.6
Q222	1.6
Q322	1.6
Q422	1.3
Q123	1.4

Tables

Table 1 Average weekly earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 1 Average weekly earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2022	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q4	Q1	Quarterly change		Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
B-E	Industry	907.21	927.20	954.99	989.17	1,023.03	1,016.36	1,101.37	85.01	8.4	78.34	7.7
F	Construction	747.27	768.44	834.22	808.61	877.24	940.24	895.13	-45.11	-4.8	17.89	2.0
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	563.00	591.30	619.46	622.72	654.39	652.08	669.13	17.05	2.6	14.74	2.3
H	Transportation and storage	764.05	810.25	823.02	756.57	820.92	867.79	841.76	-26.03	-3.0	20.84	2.5
I	Accommodation and food services	330.95	351.07	360.08	388.92	391.46	409.23	420.82	11.59	2.8	29.36	7.5
J	Information and communication	1,195.43	1,269.95	1,323.93	1,428.60	1,510.01	1,516.16	1,661.83	145.67	9.6	151.82	10.1
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	1,237.83	1,280.99	1,281.38	1,345.87	1,380.76	1,263.72	1,436.16	172.44	13.6	55.40	4.0
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	922.97	913.89	965.45	1,006.31	1,096.60	1,091.23	1,107.23	16.00	1.5	10.63	1.0
N	Administrative and support services	556.28	618.82	642.86	698.16	736.88	696.87	721.78	24.91	3.6	-15.10	-2.0
O	Public administration and defence	957.64	958.84	968.11	1,006.33	989.24	1,121.13	1,076.56	-44.57	-4.0	87.32	8.8
P	Education	835.74	840.67	865.48	932.40	930.66	999.05	976.77	-22.28	-2.2	46.11	5.0
Q	Human health and social work	710.66	725.28	762.75	781.29	813.52	866.85	860.64	-6.21	-0.7	47.12	5.8
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	478.40	509.26	542.84	603.40	622.07	590.81	597.84	7.03	1.2	-24.23	-3.9
All Sectors		744.76	771.60	800.31	860.19	885.33	902.56	923.48	20.92	2.3	38.15	4.3
Public/Private Sector¹
Private sector		685.99	717.20	745.97	803.15	841.40	834.39	869.98	35.59	4.3	28.58	3.4
Public sector²		952.89	960.26	989.96	1,038.24	1,024.76	1,129.98	1,103.31	-26.67	-2.4	78.55	7.7
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		573.53	599.77	623.59	658.96	695.46	708.21	720.33	12.12	1.7	24.87	3.6
50-250 employees		689.17	724.89	756.33	815.53	826.41	833.83	855.70	21.87	2.6	29.29	3.5
Greater than 250 employees		888.77	909.53	941.14	999.50	1,008.43	1,044.15	1,067.26	23.11	2.2	58.83	5.8
¹ For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
² Average weekly earnings by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8a.

Open in Excel: Earnings and Labour Costs Q1 2023 Table 1 (XLS 13KB)

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Table 2 Average hourly earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 2 Average hourly earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2022	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q4	Q1	Quarterly change		Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
B-E	Industry	23.83	24.37	25.09	26.58	27.45	26.75	29.09	2.34	8.7	1.64	6.0
F	Construction	20.49	21.14	22.17	23.99	23.68	25.01	24.65	-0.36	-1.4	0.97	4.1
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	18.57	19.65	19.93	20.61	21.70	21.52	22.57	1.05	4.9	0.87	4.0
H	Transportation and storage	21.28	22.64	22.39	21.79	23.20	23.96	23.37	-0.59	-2.5	0.17	0.7
I	Accommodation and food services	13.39	13.33	13.79	16.11	15.17	15.41	15.97	0.56	3.6	0.80	5.3
J	Information and communication	32.90	34.24	35.81	39.13	40.92	40.54	44.18	3.64	9.0	3.26	8.0
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	35.56	36.74	37.08	39.20	40.04	36.30	41.62	5.32	14.7	1.58	3.9
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	27.47	26.99	28.37	29.59	31.68	31.57	31.96	0.39	1.2	0.28	0.9
N	Administrative and support services	18.34	19.59	20.50	22.38	23.53	21.78	22.96	1.18	5.4	-0.57	-2.4
O	Public administration and defence	25.99	26.06	26.54	27.72	28.54	31.80	30.11	-1.69	-5.3	1.57	5.5
P	Education	35.53	35.77	36.47	37.64	38.99	42.85	39.74	-3.11	-7.3	0.75	1.9
Q	Human health and social work	22.73	23.20	24.15	24.57	24.85	27.74	26.89	-0.85	-3.1	2.04	8.2
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	17.31	18.34	19.50	20.94	21.76	20.96	21.76	0.80	3.8	-	-
All Sectors		23.40	24.05	24.76	26.83	27.42	27.85	28.55	0.70	2.5	1.13	4.1
Public/Private Sector¹
Private sector		21.70	22.44	23.08	25.22	26.03	25.58	26.98	1.40	5.5	0.95	3.6
Public sector²		29.24	29.55	30.64	31.75	31.86	35.64	33.71	-1.93	-5.4	1.85	5.8
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		19.11	19.71	19.97	21.62	22.43	22.87	23.71	0.84	3.7	1.28	5.7
50-250 employees		21.56	22.37	23.34	25.43	25.61	25.26	26.18	0.92	3.6	0.57	2.2
Greater than 250 employees		26.89	27.46	28.47	30.26	30.58	31.58	31.96	0.38	1.2	1.38	4.5
¹ For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
² Average hourly earnings by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8b.

Open in Excel: Earnings and Labour Costs Q1 2023 Table 2 (XLS 13KB)

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Table 3 Average weekly paid hours by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 3 Average weekly paid hours by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2022	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q4	Q1	Quarterly change		Annual change
		hours	hours	hours	hours	hours	hours	hours	hours	%	hours	%
B-E	Industry	38.1	38.0	38.1	37.2	37.3	38.0	37.9	-0.1	-0.3	0.6	1.6
F	Construction	36.5	36.3	37.6	33.7	37.1	37.6	36.3	-1.3	-3.5	-0.8	-2.2
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	30.3	30.1	31.1	30.2	30.2	30.3	29.6	-0.7	-2.3	-0.6	-2.0
H	Transportation and storage	35.9	35.8	36.8	34.7	35.4	36.2	36.0	-0.2	-0.6	0.6	1.7
I	Accommodation and food services	24.7	26.3	26.1	24.1	25.8	26.5	26.4	-0.1	-0.4	0.6	2.3
J	Information and communication	36.3	37.1	37.0	36.5	36.9	37.4	37.6	0.2	0.5	0.7	1.9
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	34.8	34.9	34.6	34.3	34.5	34.8	34.5	-0.3	-0.9	-	-
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	33.6	33.9	34.0	34.0	34.6	34.6	34.6	-	-	-	-
N	Administrative and support services	30.3	31.6	31.4	31.2	31.3	32.0	31.4	-0.6	-1.9	0.1	0.3
O	Public administration and defence	36.8	36.8	36.5	36.3	34.7	35.3	35.8	0.5	1.4	1.1	3.2
P	Education	23.5	23.5	23.7	24.8	23.9	23.3	24.6	1.3	5.6	0.7	2.9
Q	Human health and social work	31.3	31.3	31.6	31.8	32.7	31.3	32.0	0.7	2.2	-0.7	-2.1
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	27.6	27.8	27.8	28.8	28.6	28.2	27.5	-0.7	-2.5	-1.1	-3.8
All Sectors		31.8	32.1	32.3	32.1	32.3	32.4	32.4	-	-	0.1	0.3
Public/Private Sector¹
Private sector		31.6	32.0	32.3	31.8	32.3	32.6	32.2	-0.4	-1.2	-0.1	-0.3
Public sector²		32.6	32.5	32.3	32.7	32.2	31.7	32.7	1.0	3.2	0.5	1.6
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		30.0	30.4	31.2	30.5	31.0	31.0	30.4	-0.6	-1.9	-0.6	-1.9
50-250 employees		32.0	32.4	32.4	32.1	32.3	33.0	32.7	-0.3	-0.9	0.4	1.2
Greater than 250 employees		33.1	33.1	33.1	33.0	33.0	33.1	33.4	0.3	0.9	0.4	1.2
¹ For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
²Average weekly paid hours by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8c.

Open in Excel: Earnings and Labour Costs Q1 2023 Table 3 (XLS 13KB)

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Table 4 Earnings, hours and labour costs, unadjusted and seasonally adjusted by quarter

Table 4 Earnings, hours and labour costs, unadjusted and seasonally adjusted by other characteristics and quarter
	Unadjusted Series					Seasonally Adjusted Series
Quarter	Average weekly earnings	Average weekly paid hours	Average hourly earnings	Average hourly other labour costs	Average hourly total labour costs	Average weekly earnings	Average weekly paid hours	Average hourly earnings	Average hourly other labour costs	Average hourly total labour costs
Q1 2008	704.60	32.7	21.56	3.51	25.07	707.29	33.3	21.30	3.52	24.83
Q2 2008	705.28	32.8	21.50	3.40	24.90	707.54	32.8	21.54	3.41	25.00
Q3 2008	696.11	32.8	21.20	3.41	24.61	700.65	32.4	21.60	3.50	25.06
Q4 2008	721.89	32.5	22.24	3.60	25.84	712.52	32.3	22.08	3.50	25.54
Q1 2009	709.55	31.6	22.44	3.59	26.03	711.97	32.1	22.17	3.60	25.78
Q2 2009	700.75	31.9	22.00	3.64	25.64	703.01	31.9	22.05	3.65	25.74
Q3 2009	698.47	31.9	21.88	3.49	25.37	702.74	31.5	22.28	3.58	25.83
Q4 2009	721.28	32.1	22.50	3.66	26.16	712.84	31.9	22.35	3.55	25.87
Q1 2010	689.32	31.0	22.21	3.36	25.58	691.02	31.5	21.92	3.36	25.32
Q2 2010	696.90	31.6	22.03	3.30	25.33	698.97	31.6	22.06	3.31	25.42
Q3 2010	700.23	32.2	21.78	3.14	24.91	704.20	31.8	22.19	3.23	25.35
Q4 2010	704.11	31.8	22.14	3.27	25.41	697.43	31.7	22.01	3.16	25.16
Q1 2011	684.87	30.9	22.18	3.13	25.31	685.40	31.4	21.87	3.13	25.04
Q2 2011	687.49	31.4	21.90	3.14	25.04	689.14	31.4	21.93	3.16	25.11
Q3 2011	686.59	31.8	21.57	3.08	24.65	690.60	31.5	21.99	3.18	25.09
Q4 2011	696.84	31.6	22.06	3.29	25.35	691.80	31.5	21.95	3.18	25.13
Q1 2012	698.71	31.4	22.25	3.25	25.50	697.97	31.9	21.91	3.24	25.20
Q2 2012	691.62	31.5	21.96	3.28	25.24	692.44	31.5	21.99	3.30	25.30
Q3 2012	692.13	31.7	21.82	3.31	25.12	697.05	31.4	22.24	3.41	25.59
Q4 2012	691.84	31.6	21.90	3.59	25.49	688.13	31.5	21.81	3.48	25.31
Q1 2013	693.21	31.2	22.24	3.46	25.70	690.88	31.6	21.87	3.45	25.35
Q2 2013	695.65	31.6	22.02	3.32	25.34	695.92	31.6	22.05	3.34	25.39
Q3 2013	682.79	31.7	21.53	3.23	24.77	688.83	31.4	21.96	3.33	25.25
Q4 2013	694.03	31.7	21.89	3.73	25.62	691.02	31.6	21.83	3.63	25.47
Q1 2014	699.67	31.3	22.37	3.41	25.78	695.90	31.7	21.96	3.39	25.38
Q2 2014	694.08	31.8	21.81	3.38	25.19	693.94	31.8	21.84	3.40	25.23
Q3 2014	676.58	31.9	21.20	3.27	24.47	683.85	31.7	21.65	3.37	24.97
Q4 2014	702.07	31.8	22.05	3.51	25.56	699.33	31.7	22.01	3.42	25.44
Q1 2015	701.11	31.4	22.30	3.46	25.76	696.04	31.8	21.84	3.44	25.31
Q2 2015	699.22	32.0	21.86	3.45	25.31	699.15	32.0	21.88	3.46	25.36
Q3 2015	692.79	32.2	21.50	3.35	24.84	701.02	32.0	21.98	3.44	25.37
Q4 2015	711.23	32.5	21.91	3.46	25.37	708.66	32.4	21.90	3.38	25.27
Q1 2016	714.26	31.7	22.55	3.51	26.06	708.26	32.1	22.04	3.50	25.57
Q2 2016	706.33	32.1	21.97	3.48	25.45	706.21	32.0	21.99	3.48	25.50
Q3 2016	702.97	32.6	21.56	3.47	25.04	711.84	32.4	22.07	3.56	25.58
Q4 2016	717.52	32.4	22.18	3.58	25.76	715.40	32.3	22.18	3.51	25.68
Q1 2017	725.12	32.0	22.69	3.53	26.22	718.03	32.4	22.13	3.52	25.69
Q2 2017	720.52	32.4	22.27	3.59	25.86	720.55	32.4	22.29	3.58	25.91
Q3 2017	717.55	32.4	22.16	3.50	25.65	726.73	32.2	22.72	3.59	26.22
Q4 2017	731.86	32.4	22.60	3.70	26.31	730.57	32.3	22.60	3.64	26.25
Q1 2018	744.76	31.8	23.40	3.65	27.06	736.41	32.2	22.80	3.64	26.47
Q2 2018	745.09	32.5	22.94	3.63	26.57	744.95	32.5	22.97	3.61	26.61
Q3 2018	742.75	32.8	22.62	3.50	26.12	752.83	32.6	23.22	3.60	26.74
Q4 2018	757.21	32.5	23.33	3.67	27.00	756.68	32.4	23.32	3.61	26.97
Q1 2019	771.60	32.1	24.05	3.69	27.74	761.60	32.5	23.41	3.68	27.09
Q2 2019	771.63	32.6	23.69	3.81	27.51	771.37	32.6	23.72	3.78	27.54
Q3 2019	769.14	32.7	23.53	3.77	27.31	780.62	32.4	24.18	3.88	28.03
Q4 2019	786.33	32.5	24.23	3.96	28.19	786.09	32.4	24.21	3.90	28.14
Q1 2020	800.31	32.3	24.76	3.86	28.62	788.59	32.7	24.09	3.85	27.92
Q2 2020	817.55	32.2	25.39	2.29	27.68	817.34	32.2	25.42	2.26	27.68
Q3 2020	794.89	32.6	24.38	2.69	27.07	808.08	32.3	25.06	2.81	27.86
Q4 2020	847.21	33.1	25.56	2.51	28.07	846.65	33.0	25.53	2.44	28.00
Q1 2021	860.19	32.1	26.83	2.67	29.51	847.50	32.4	26.16	2.66	28.78
Q2 2021	850.81	32.6	26.07	2.91	28.98	850.91	32.7	26.11	2.87	28.95
Q3 2021	837.61	33.1	25.29	2.57	27.86	852.68	32.8	26.00	2.70	28.75
Q4 2021	863.70	32.9	26.27	3.28	29.55	862.55	32.8	26.22	3.21	29.45
Q1 2022	885.33	32.3	27.42	3.60	31.02	870.35	32.6	26.71	3.57	30.21
Q2 2022	871.93	32.6	26.72	4.22	30.94	872.47	32.7	26.76	4.18	30.89
Q3 2022	867.63	33.1	26.19	4.12	30.31	884.12	32.8	26.93	4.26	31.34
Q4 2022	902.56	32.4	27.85	4.60	32.45	900.71	32.3	27.79	4.53	32.31
Q1 2023¹	923.48	32.4	28.55	4.58	33.13	907.48	32.8	27.82	4.55	32.26
¹Preliminary Estimates

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Table 5a Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 5a Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2022	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q4	Q1	Quarterly change		Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
B-E	Industry	21.56	21.87	22.48	23.45	24.06	25.04	25.23	0.19	0.8	1.17	4.9
F	Construction	20.23	20.81	21.89	23.52	23.35	23.98	24.12	0.14	0.6	0.77	3.3
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	17.35	18.04	18.46	18.95	19.61	20.09	20.95	0.86	4.3	1.34	6.8
H	Transportation and storage	20.37	21.69	21.48	20.74	22.19	21.95	22.08	0.13	0.6	-0.11	-0.5
I	Accommodation and food services	12.76	12.97	13.41	15.78	14.78	15.10	15.28	0.18	1.2	0.50	3.4
J	Information and communication	27.15	27.93	28.75	30.46	32.35	34.69	35.01	0.32	0.9	2.66	8.2
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	29.12	29.98	30.71	32.31	32.33	34.06	34.34	0.28	0.8	2.01	6.2
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	25.21	25.43	26.68	27.15	29.06	29.17	29.79	0.62	2.1	0.73	2.5
N	Administrative and support services	16.76	17.39	18.13	19.62	19.95	20.40	20.50	0.10	0.5	0.55	2.8
O	Public administration and defence	24.63	24.87	25.36	26.46	27.24	29.50	28.72	-0.78	-2.6	1.48	5.4
P	Education	35.21	35.54	36.24	37.45	38.72	39.76	39.43	-0.33	-0.8	0.71	1.8
Q	Human health and social work	21.77	22.12	22.80	23.72	23.98	25.61	25.55	-0.06	-0.2	1.57	6.5
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	16.26	17.18	18.38	19.46	20.05	20.41	20.67	0.26	1.3	0.62	3.1
All Sectors		21.66	22.20	22.87	24.59	24.98	25.85	26.08	0.23	0.9	1.10	4.4
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		19.80	20.40	21.03	22.59	23.17	23.87	24.21	0.34	1.4	1.04	4.5
Public sector³		28.06	28.35	29.27	30.66	30.78	32.63	32.26	-0.37	-1.1	1.48	4.8
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		18.12	18.76	19.15	20.59	21.08	21.72	22.31	0.59	2.7	1.23	5.8
50-250 employees		19.84	20.40	21.31	22.93	23.09	23.78	23.91	0.13	0.5	0.82	3.6
Greater than 250 employees		24.66	25.07	25.91	27.40	27.62	28.91	28.86	-0.05	-0.2	1.24	4.5
¹ Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings plus the average hourly irregular earnings in Table 5b equal average hourly earnings as set out in Table 2.
² For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
³ Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8d.

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Table 5b Average hourly irregular earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 5b Average hourly irregular earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2022	2023	Quarterly change	Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q4	Q1	Quarterly change	Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€
B-E	Industry	2.28	2.50	2.62	3.13	3.38	1.71	3.85	2.14	0.47
F	Construction	0.25	0.33	0.28	0.47	0.32	1.03	0.53	-0.50	0.21
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	1.22	1.61	1.47	1.66	2.09	1.42	1.62	0.20	-0.47
H	Transportation and storage	0.91	0.95	0.91	1.05	1.01	2.01	1.29	-0.72	0.28
I	Accommodation and food services	0.63	0.37	0.38	0.33	0.39	0.31	0.69	0.38	0.30
J	Information and communication	5.75	6.32	7.06	8.66	8.56	5.85	9.17	3.32	0.61
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	6.44	6.76	6.38	6.89	7.71	2.24	7.28	5.04	-0.43
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	2.26	1.56	1.68	2.44	2.61	2.40	2.18	-0.22	-0.43
N	Administrative and support services	1.58	2.20	2.36	2.76	3.58	1.38	2.46	1.08	-1.12
O	Public administration and defence	1.36	1.19	1.18	1.26	1.29	2.31	1.38	-0.93	0.09
P	Education	0.32	0.24	0.23	0.19	0.27	3.09	0.31	-2.78	0.04
Q	Human health and social work	0.96	1.08	1.34	0.84	0.86	2.12	1.35	-0.77	0.49
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	1.05	1.16	1.12	1.48	1.71	0.54	1.09	0.55	-0.62
All Sectors		1.74	1.85	1.90	2.25	2.44	2.00	2.47	0.47	0.03
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		1.90	2.04	2.05	2.63	2.86	1.70	2.77	1.07	-0.09
Public sector³		1.18	1.20	1.37	1.09	1.09	3.02	1.46	-1.56	0.37
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		0.99	0.96	0.82	1.03	1.34	1.15	1.40	0.25	0.06
50-250 employees		1.72	1.97	2.03	2.50	2.53	1.48	2.27	0.79	-0.26
Greater than 250 employees		2.23	2.39	2.56	2.86	2.96	2.67	3.10	0.43	0.14
¹ Average hourly irregular earnings plus the average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings in Table 5a equal average hourly earnings as set out in Table 2.
² For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
³ Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8d.

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Table 6a Average hourly other labour costs by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 6a Average hourly other labour costs by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2022	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q4	Q1	Quarterly change		Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
B-E	Industry	5.19	5.17	5.08	4.77	5.35	5.84	5.95	0.11	1.9	0.60	11.2
F	Construction	2.61	2.61	2.81	-0.70	3.01	3.37	3.41	0.04	1.2	0.40	13.3
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	3.15	3.09	3.05	1.24	2.96	3.69	3.52	-0.17	-4.6	0.56	18.9
H	Transportation and storage	3.65	3.74	4.12	0.84	2.21	4.03	3.84	-0.19	-4.7	1.63	73.8
I	Accommodation and food services	1.45	1.46	1.32	-8.00	-4.77	1.62	1.68	0.06	3.7	6.45	135.2
J	Information and communication	6.72	6.93	6.86	8.68	8.96	10.13	9.93	-0.20	-2.0	0.97	10.8
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	8.36	8.38	8.81	9.71	9.37	8.93	10.01	1.08	12.1	0.64	6.8
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	4.24	4.41	5.19	3.11	5.03	5.68	5.46	-0.22	-3.9	0.43	8.5
N	Administrative and support services	2.52	2.73	3.10	2.09	3.10	3.24	3.47	0.23	7.1	0.37	11.9
O	Public administration and defence	2.32	2.46	2.59	2.64	2.85	3.17	3.00	-0.17	-5.4	0.15	5.3
P	Education	3.73	3.58	4.04	3.40	3.96	5.08	4.65	-0.43	-8.5	0.69	17.4
Q	Human health and social work	2.55	2.67	2.82	2.08	2.57	3.26	3.08	-0.18	-5.5	0.51	19.8
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	2.46	2.44	3.45	-0.16	1.35	3.29	3.62	0.33	10.0	2.27	168.1
All Sectors		3.65	3.69	3.86	2.67	3.60	4.60	4.58	-0.02	-0.4	0.98	27.2
Public/Private Sector¹
Private sector		3.76	3.78	3.93	2.41	3.60	4.72	4.78	0.06	1.3	1.18	32.8
Public sector		3.27	3.39	3.62	3.47	3.62	4.19	3.92	-0.27	-6.4	0.30	8.3
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		2.63	2.57	2.75	-1.02	1.69	3.24	3.28	0.04	1.2	1.59	94.1
50-250 employees		3.69	3.59	3.87	2.66	2.77	4.22	4.27	0.05	1.2	1.50	54.2
Greater than 250 employees		4.30	4.45	4.59	4.79	4.86	5.50	5.39	-0.11	-2.0	0.53	10.9
¹For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.

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Table 6b Average hourly benefits in kind (BIK) by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 6b Average hourly benefits in kind (BIK) by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2022	2023	Quarterly change	Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q4	Q1	Quarterly change	Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€
B-E	Industry	0.34	0.38	0.35	0.43	0.40	0.46	0.52	0.06	0.12
F	Construction	0.11	0.06	0.09	0.10	0.12	0.07	0.10	0.03	-0.02
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	0.27	0.27	0.28	0.27	0.29	0.57	0.36	-0.21	0.07
H	Transportation and storage	0.11	0.10	0.07	0.09	0.12	0.10	0.10	-	-0.02
I	Accommodation and food services	0.03	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.01
J	Information and communication	1.00	1.03	0.68	1.93	1.95	2.92	2.05	-0.87	0.10
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	0.59	0.61	0.57	1.04	0.75	0.62	0.76	0.14	0.01
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	0.19	0.23	0.20	0.28	0.24	0.46	0.30	-0.16	0.06
N	Administrative and support services	0.15	0.18	0.25	0.56	0.50	0.16	0.32	0.16	-0.18
O	Public administration and defence	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	-	-
P	Education	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.06	0.03	-0.03	0.02
Q	Human health and social work	0.01	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.01
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	0.11	0.07	0.13	0.13	0.12	0.20	0.18	-0.02	0.06
All Sectors		0.21	0.21	0.20	0.33	0.31	0.40	0.34	-0.06	0.03
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		0.27	0.27	0.25	0.43	0.41	0.52	0.44	-0.08	0.03
Public sector		0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.01
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		0.17	0.15	0.15	0.16	0.15	0.15	0.22	0.07	0.07
50-250 employees		0.22	0.22	0.27	0.42	0.35	0.25	0.30	0.05	-0.05
Greater than 250 employees		0.23	0.25	0.20	0.40	0.38	0.60	0.42	-0.18	0.04
¹Average hourly benefits in kind (BIK) are a sub-component of average hourly other labour costs as set out in Table 6a. BIK is considered an income rather than an other labour cost by Eurostat and in Structure of Earnings Statistics.
²For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.

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Table 6c Average hourly total labour costs by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 6c Average hourly total labour costs by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2022	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q4	Q1	Quarterly change		Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
B-E	Industry	29.02	29.54	30.17	31.35	32.80	32.59	35.04	2.45	7.5	2.24	6.8
F	Construction	23.10	23.75	24.98	23.29	26.68	28.38	28.05	-0.33	-1.2	1.37	5.1
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	21.72	22.74	22.98	21.85	24.66	25.20	26.10	0.90	3.6	1.44	5.8
H	Transportation and storage	24.93	26.38	26.51	22.63	25.40	27.99	27.21	-0.78	-2.8	1.81	7.1
I	Accommodation and food services	14.84	14.80	15.11	8.11	10.41	17.03	17.65	0.62	3.6	7.24	69.5
J	Information and communication	39.62	41.17	42.67	47.81	49.88	50.67	54.10	3.43	6.8	4.22	8.5
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	43.91	45.12	45.89	48.91	49.41	45.23	51.63	6.40	14.1	2.22	4.5
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	31.71	31.41	33.55	32.71	36.71	37.25	37.43	0.18	0.5	0.72	2.0
N	Administrative and support services	20.86	22.32	23.60	24.47	26.64	25.02	26.44	1.42	5.7	-0.20	-0.8
O	Public administration and defence	28.31	28.52	29.13	30.36	31.38	34.97	33.11	-1.86	-5.3	1.73	5.5
P	Education	39.25	39.36	40.51	41.04	42.95	47.93	44.39	-3.54	-7.4	1.44	3.4
Q	Human health and social work	25.28	25.87	26.97	26.64	27.41	30.99	29.97	-1.02	-3.3	2.56	9.3
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	19.77	20.79	22.96	20.78	23.12	24.25	25.37	1.12	4.6	2.25	9.7
All Sectors		27.06	27.74	28.62	29.51	31.02	32.45	33.13	0.68	2.1	2.11	6.8
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		25.47	26.22	27.01	27.63	29.63	30.30	31.77	1.47	4.9	2.14	7.2
Public sector		32.51	32.94	34.26	35.22	35.48	39.84	37.64	-2.20	-5.5	2.16	6.1
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		21.74	22.28	22.72	20.60	24.12	26.11	26.99	0.88	3.4	2.87	11.9
50-250 employees		25.24	25.96	27.20	28.10	28.39	29.49	30.46	0.97	3.3	2.07	7.3
Greater than 250 employees		31.19	31.91	33.06	35.05	35.44	37.08	37.35	0.27	0.7	1.91	5.4
¹Average hourly total labour costs equal the average hourly earnings in Table 2 plus the average hourly other labour costs as set out in Table 6a.
²For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.

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Table 7a Employment by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 7a Employment by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2022	2023
NACE Principal Activity		Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q4	Q1
B-E	Industry	212,000	223,800	224,200	231,600	231,600	249,000	255,100	261,600	266,200
F	Construction	81,200	94,800	98,600	105,800	112,400	99,000	125,500	127,800	125,800
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	288,100	299,400	294,900	307,800	309,300	306,500	304,800	322,600	339,700
H	Transportation and storage	67,700	70,000	69,400	83,500	81,900	74,900	90,800	92,200	86,500
I	Accommodation and food services	151,800	166,100	179,600	179,700	174,800	101,200	168,500	175,100	174,100
J	Information and communication	63,800	68,700	69,600	73,300	79,100	88,100	103,600	104,300	106,400
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	91,600	93,500	89,600	94,900	102,000	103,900	117,700	115,500	115,000
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	82,300	89,100	91,800	98,300	105,100	103,700	118,200	120,600	121,300
N	Administrative and support services	84,300	88,900	97,300	108,200	108,000	79,000	100,100	107,400	109,600
O	Public administration and defence	109,800	112,900	124,700	133,500	140,500	150,100	162,100	166,500	167,700
P	Education	139,600	146,000	153,200	166,700	177,000	189,800	192,800	188,700	193,600
Q	Human health and social work	228,700	235,800	234,900	246,500	248,900	250,300	278,100	287,000	293,300
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	51,400	52,000	55,900	53,800	54,400	39,300	46,600	52,100	52,000
All Sectors		1,652,300	1,740,900	1,783,600	1,883,600	1,925,000	1,834,600	2,063,900	2,121,300	2,151,200
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		1,265,600	1,351,300	1,386,100	1,479,800	1,512,400	1,418,000	1,639,700	1,674,200	1,701,200
Public sector		386,600	389,600	397,500	403,800	412,600	416,600	424,200	447,200	450,000
¹ It should be noted that the Labour Force Survey (LFS) is the official source of estimates of employment.
² For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.

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Table 7b Job vacancies by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 7c Job vacancy rate by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 8a Average weekly earnings by public sector sub-sector and quarter

Table 8b Average hourly earnings by public sector sub-sector and quarter

Table 8c Average weekly paid hours by public sector sub-sector and quarter

Table 8d Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by public sector sub-sector and quarter

Table 8e Public sector employment by sub-sector and quarter

Table A1 Estimates of average weekly earnings by broad occupational categories

Table A2 Response rates in selected sectors by quarter

Table A3 Preliminary data versus final data

Table A3 Preliminary data versus final data¹
		Preliminary Q4 2022			Final Q4 2022			Percentage Change
NACE Principal Activity		Average weekly earnings	Average hourly earnings	Average weekly hours	Average weekly earnings	Average hourly earnings	Average weekly hours	Average weekly earnings	Average hourly earnings	Average weekly hours
B-E	Industry	1,008.52	26.67	37.8	1,016.36	26.75	38.0	0.8	0.3	0.5
F	Construction	939.74	24.90	37.7	940.24	25.01	37.6	0.1	0.4	-0.3
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	652.08	21.47	30.4	652.08	21.52	30.3	0.0	0.2	-0.3
H	Transportation and storage	862.62	23.78	36.3	867.79	23.96	36.2	0.6	0.8	-0.3
I	Accommodation and food services	408.63	15.33	26.7	409.23	15.41	26.5	0.1	0.5	-0.7
J	Information and communication	1,512.16	40.57	37.3	1,516.16	40.54	37.4	0.3	-0.1	0.3
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	1,256.31	36.21	34.7	1,263.72	36.30	34.8	0.6	0.2	0.3
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	1,084.91	31.43	34.5	1,091.23	31.57	34.6	0.6	0.4	0.3
N	Administrative and support services	703.99	21.97	32.0	696.87	21.78	32.0	-1.0	-0.9	0.0
O	Public administration and defence	1,117.40	31.89	35.0	1,121.13	31.80	35.3	0.3	-0.3	0.9
P	Education	999.83	42.29	23.6	999.05	42.85	23.3	-0.1	1.3	-1.3
Q	Human health and social work	868.34	27.32	31.8	866.85	27.74	31.3	-0.2	1.5	-1.6
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	582.36	20.35	28.6	590.81	20.96	28.2	1.5	3.0	-1.4
Total		900.26	27.72	32.5	902.56	27.85	32.4	0.3	0.5	-0.3
Public/Private Sector
Private sector		830.57	25.48	32.6	834.39	25.58	32.6	0.5	0.4	0.0
Public sector		1,133.47	35.33	32.1	1,129.98	35.64	31.7	-0.3	0.9	-1.2
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		700.69	22.78	30.8	708.21	22.87	31.0	1.1	0.4	0.6
50-250 employees		831.39	25.20	33.0	833.83	25.26	33.0	0.3	0.2	0.0
Greater than 250 employees		1,043.64	31.32	33.3	1,044.15	31.58	33.1	0.0	0.8	-0.6
¹ See background notes.

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Table 8a Average weekly earnings by public sector sub-sector and quarter - Preliminary estimates
Public sector sub-sector	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2022	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
Public sector sub-sector	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q4	Q1	Quarterly change		Annual change
	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
Civil service	941.65	941.94	941.69	974.80	904.93	1,095.19	1,052.42	-42.77	-3.9	147.49	16.3
Defence	850.22	866.82	902.41	970.61	926.77	942.00	920.69	-21.31	-2.3	-6.08	-0.7
Garda Siochana	1,273.81	1,252.81	1,278.24	1,297.70	1,387.93	1,512.46	1,495.95	-16.51	-1.1	108.02	7.8
Education	959.75	974.73	993.54	1,078.10	1,047.13	1,159.40	1,125.53	-33.87	-2.9	78.40	7.5
Regional bodies	853.25	849.21	862.88	897.46	888.12	1,004.50	939.63	-64.87	-6.5	51.51	5.8
Health	907.25	914.90	978.66	1,007.99	1,018.31	1,102.69	1,097.69	-5.00	-0.5	79.38	7.8
Semi-state	1,042.62	1,046.85	1,063.93	1,096.77	1,103.04	1,177.20	1,155.26	-21.94	-1.9	52.22	4.7
Total public sector	952.89	960.26	989.96	1,038.24	1,024.76	1,129.98	1,103.31	-26.67	-2.4	78.55	7.7
Total public sector excluding semi-state bodies	939.36	946.63	978.43	1,029.56	1,012.98	1,122.81	1,095.54	-27.27	-2.4	82.56	8.2
Semi-state by sub-sector
Non Commercial Semi-state bodies	993.58	993.67	1,031.86	1,090.01	1,120.27	1,191.28	1,125.43	-65.85	-5.5	5.16	0.5
Commercial Semi-state bodies	1,062.70	1,068.67	1,077.30	1,100.06	1,095.57	1,170.64	1,169.49	-1.15	-0.1	73.92	6.7

Table 8e Public sector employment by sub-sector and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2022	2023	Annual change
Public sector sub-sector	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q1	Q4	Q1	Annual change
									%
Civil service	41,000	42,300	44,400	45,100	43,300	45,300	45,400	2100	4.8
Defence	9,400	9,300	9,000	9,000	8,800	9,300	9,400	600	6.8
Garda Siochana	14,000	14,300	14,600	14,500	14,500	14,200	14,300	-200	-1.4
Education	114,500	114,100	114,500	111,900	111,900	111,300	111,900	-	-
Regional bodies	33,600	34,500	35,100	34,800	35,100	35,600	35,700	600	1.7
Health	131,100	133,800	138,100	144,600	153,900	171,900	172,900	19000	12.3
Semi-state	53,900	55,400	56,900	56,800	56,600	59,500	60,500	3900	6.9
Total public sector	397,500	403,800	412,600	416,600	424,200	447,200	450,000	25800	6.1
Total public sector excluding semi-state bodies	343,600	348,300	355,700	359,900	367,600	387,700	389,500	21900	6.0
Semi-state by sub-sector
Non Commercial Semi-state bodies	12,900	14,200	14,900	15,600	17,300	15,700	16,600	-700	-4.0
Commercial Semi-state bodies	41,000	41,300	42,000	41,200	39,300	43,800	44,000	4700	12.0
¹ Source: Earnings, Hours and Employment Costs Survey. Public Sector employment includes all those who received a payment which would include both full-time and part-time employees as well as contract workers. Total public sector numbers are also published by the Department of Public Expenditure and Reform on a quarterly basis. Those differ in coverage from the estimates in the above table as Department of Public Expenditure and Reform estimates are based on full-time equivalents which will change over time based on both changes in working hours and number of persons employed.

Table A1 Estimates of average weekly earnings by broad occupational categories¹
	2020	2021	2022	2022	Quarterly change	Annual change
Occupation by NACE groups	Q4	Q4	Q3	Q4	Quarterly change	Annual change
	€	€	€	€	%	%
Managers, professionals and associated professionals
B-E	1,635.21	1,648.83	1,672.45	1,696.63	1.4	2.9
B-N, R-S	1,465.41	1,490.67	1,535.91	1,566.50	2.0	5.1
O-Q	1,282.94	1,294.89	1,338.88	1,362.74	1.8	5.2
Total (B-S)	1,355.77	1,375.32	1,420.06	1,445.98	1.8	5.1
Clerical, sales and service employees
B-E	884.43	944.34	946.28	972.53	2.8	3.0
B-N, R-S	591.88	633.87	651.82	641.85	-1.5	1.3
O-Q	631.78	630.61	657.81	664.07	1.0	5.3
Total (B-S)	593.76	621.60	642.51	638.43	-0.6	2.7
Production, transport, craft and other manual workers
B-E	723.65	824.97	831.32	840.95	1.2	1.9
B-N, R-S	590.07	691.98	704.02	706.62	0.4	2.1
O-Q	501.09	530.54	575.39	584.71	1.6	10.2
Total (B-S)	561.28	647.50	665.55	669.22	0.6	3.4
¹ These estimates have been generated using a sub sample of EHECS respondents therefore caution is advised when interpreting these results. See background notes.

Table A2 Response rates in selected sectors by quarter¹
		Employer Response Rate %				Respondent Enterprises	Respondent Enterprises	Employee Response Rate %
NACE Principal Activity		Final Q4 2021	Preliminary Q4 2022	Final Q4 2022	Preliminary Q1 2023	Final Q4 2022	Preliminary Q1 2023	Final Q4 2021	Preliminary Q4 2022	Final Q4 2022	Preliminary Q1 2023
B-E	Industry	55.4	43.3	56.9	49.0	670	561	73.7	59.7	72.9	62.6
F	Construction	32.5	35.1	43.7	34.8	194	150	47.8	42.7	56.9	43.3
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	47.0	40.6	48.0	41.3	664	551	70.4	52.4	70.8	57.1
H	Transportation and storage	46.8	34.1	42.7	38.9	128	112	68.2	72.0	77.7	60.2
I	Accommodation and food services	47.7	39.5	48.0	41.9	386	337	62.6	53.2	64.4	56.5
J	Information and communication	59.3	51.1	63.4	49.5	309	237	81.0	69.7	79.9	62.5
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	65.3	51.4	62.0	54.5	254	216	85.3	76.4	86.6	69.1
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	60.5	42.9	55.7	43.1	318	242	77.2	60.4	77.0	60.4
N	Administrative and support services	49.7	41.9	50.0	42.6	277	235	65.5	54.5	67.9	54.8
O	Public administration and defence	77.3	86.4	91.4	83.6	128	117	92.6	94.2	95.9	95.7
P	Education	63.6	52.1	62.6	55.2	147	128	92.7	86.0	92.6	84.1
Q	Human health and social work	61.6	51.6	64.3	53.8	515	427	70.9	58.8	74.5	62.4
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	57.5	47.3	57.0	53.0	211	179	72.4	53.9	69.9	67.2
Total		53.7	44.5	54.7	46.6	4,201	3,492	76.7	66.6	78.1	67.2
¹This table presents the response rates achieved by sector. Greater caution should be taken in the interpretation of estimates for sectors with lower response rates as these sectors could be subject to greater revisions if response levels are increased for final estimates.

Earnings and Labour Costs Q4 2022 (Final) Q1 2023 (Preliminary Estimates)